Value-creating Roles Played by the Actors in Open Government Data: A Systematic Literature Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
AMCIS proceedings, 2019
Open Government Data (OGD) has grown quickly in the last decade. However, the simple availability of OGD does not mean these data are used well in society. Social actors, both organizations and individuals, must to work collaboratively to create an Open Data Ecosystem (ODE) to manage and deliver OGD. OGD creates value only when the data are analyzed and reused to generate new knowledge. The creation of useful and applicable knowledge is not a simple and permanent thing, as it requires special attention from governments to make the data available and ODE actors to ensure the effective generation of knowledge. Limited research has studied the creation of knowledge in OGD ecosystems and more investigation is required into knowledge work within ODE. This research-in-progress aims to explore and answer the question of how is knowledge constructed in OGD ecosystems.
Generating value from open government data
A driving force for change in society is the trend towards Open Government Data (OGD). While the value generated by OGD has been widely discussed by public bodies and other stakeholders, little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in the academic literature. Hence, we developed a conceptual model portraying how data as a resource can be transformed to value. We show the causal relationships between four contextual, enabling factors, four types of value generation mechanisms and value. We use empirical data from 61 countries to test these relationships, using the PLS method. The results mostly support the hypothesized relationships. Our conclusion is that if openness is complemented with resource governance, capabilities in society and technical connectivity, use of OGD will stimulate the generation of economic and social value through four different archetypical mechanisms: Efficiency, Innovation, Transparency and Participation.
The Sustainable Value of Open Government Data
Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2019
The exponentially growing availability of data, global connectivity, and trends toward increased openness and sharing are turning into a powerful force that is changing the global economy and society. Governments around the world have become active participants in this evolution by opening up their data for access and re-use by public and private agents alike. The recent phenomenon of Open Government Data (OGD) has spread around the world, driven by the proposition that opening government data has the ability to generate both economic and social value. However, a review of the academic research and the popular press reveals only sporadic attention given to various aspects with no overarching framework that explains how OGD generates value. We apply a critical realist approach to uncover the generative mechanisms that serve to explain this relationship. First, we present a strategic framework with four archetypical generative mechanisms. The framework outlines the different pathways to value generation and highlights the current tension between the private/public and economic/social domains. Second, we offer a conceptual model that provides a systematic way of articulating and examining further the generation of value from OGD.
Computer Science and Information Systems, 2016
Government agencies all over the world are making big investments for developing information systems that open important data they possess to the society, in order to be used for scientific, commercial and political purposes. It is important to understand what value they create and how, and at the same time - since this is a relatively new type of information systems (IS) - to identify the main improvements they require. This paper contributes in this direction by presenting a methodology for determining the value generation mechanism of open government data (OGD) systems and also priorities for their improvement. It is based on the estimation of a ?value model? of the OGD system under evaluation from users? ratings, which consists of several value dimensions and their corresponding value measures, organized in three ?value layers?, and also the relations among them. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to an OGD system developed as part of the European project ENG...
Generating Value with Open Government Data
A driving force for change in society is the trend towards Open Government Data (OGD). While the value generated by OGD has been widely discussed by public bodies and other stakeholders, little attention has been paid to this phenomenon in the academic literature. Hence, we developed a conceptual model portraying how data as a resource can be transformed to value. We show the causal relationships between four contextual, enabling factors, four types of value generation mechanisms and value. We use empirical data from 61 countries to test these relationships, using the PLS method. The results mostly support the hypothesized relationships. Our conclusion is that if openness is complemented with resource governance, capabilities in society and technical connectivity, use of OGD will stimulate the generation of economic and social value through four different archetypical mechanisms: Efficiency, Innovation, Transparency and Participation.
The Value of Open Government Data: A Strategic Analysis Framework
Government data has been accumulated for centuries in protected repositories and registries as public record and a matter of civil order. Recently, the Open Government Data (OGD) movement has emerged as a group that focuses on facilitating open access to government data. Proponents of OGD initiatives argue that it can strengthen democracy and improve government through increased participation, collaboration and transparency. OGD advocates are also motivated by its potential contribution to greater productivity and economic growth through increased government efficiency and the creation of new businesses and services. However, as most OGD initiatives are relatively recent, the key questions regarding the value propositions and return on investment of these initiatives remain unanswered. In this theory development paper, we propose a strategic options framework that offers criteria for generating and prioritizing OGD initiatives. The framework can guide structured analysis of the economic and social impacts of OGD with an emphasis on its value propositions for both the public and private sectors. Building on a literature review and fieldwork-based anecdotal evidence, we expect OGD initiatives to generate value and substantial returns through increased transparency, efficiency of government activities, citizen participation and entrepreneurial activity.
The Roles Of Governments In The Open Data Ecosystem
2019
, 2013). The motivations to the use of open government data have been attracting les attention than those of providing them. This situation becomes more pronounced when approaching the use of OGD by the government and public organizations, even if the audience of OGD includes government employees (Smith & Sandberg, 2018; Davies, 2010). Studies have been demonstrated that the main interesting subjects in OGD are professionals and citizens (Heise & Naumann, 2012), focusing respectively on the development of innovation based on OGD and its transparency and accountability. However, the use of OGD by the public sector is not explicit in the literature. OGD is open to both the public and the private sectors (Jetzek, Avital e Bjorn-Andersen, 2014). Consequently, it makes sense that public organizations also use OGD (from other OGD public providers) in decision-making and innovation, as well as that the literature covers this topic. Studies by Vieira and Alvaro (2018), Zhu (2017), Léveillé and Timms (2015), and Parycek, Höcht, and Ginner (2014) investigate users of OGD with multiple stakeholders, including government. However, the literature about the specific use of OGD by the government is not common. The use of OGD by government needs more attention than just the data disclosure because the government has an essential response to create public value (Ruijer et al., 2017; Pereira et al., 2017). Governments can use OGD to improve public services, decisionmaking, and define and monitor public policies implementation (Gascó-Hernández et al., 2018; Susha, Grönlund & Janssen, 2015). Public organizations need to pay special attention to improve cooperation between government organizations and stakeholders involved in producing useful OGD (Yang, Lo & Shiang, 2015). Based on the aspects discussed, this paper aims to discuss the twofold role of government in the open government data ecosystem (provider or user). This article is organized in five sections. In this section, the motivations for the study are presented, and the research problem and objectives are defined. Section 2 discusses the theoretical elements guiding the study. Section 3 describes the operationalization of the study, and section 4 presents the data analysis. The concluding remarks are set forth in Section 5. 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Open Data (OD) is the one that is free for use, without copyright restrictions, available for anyone, and machine processable (Zhang, Hua & Yuan, 2018). Open Government Data (OGD) is the OD that comes from public sector (Saxena, 2017). Around the world, governments enable open data and create expectations to transform the data into social benefits, when data generate knowledge or ideas to create public value (Ruijer et al., 2017). OGD can improve open government (Yang & Wu, 2016) because data disclosure creates a set of public sector information useful for all stakeholders, including the government itself (Galiotou & Fragkou, 2013; Linders, 2013; O'Riain et al. 2012). The information obtained from OGD can produce knowledge or ideas to be used in initiatives aiming to increase public value, which can benefit all stakeholders (Lourenço, 2015). The effective use of OGD depends on how data are disclosed and also the objective of using them (Attard et al., 2015). Transparency itself is not the only objective of OGD, which is relative to the data usefulness and demands strategic decisions before its disclosure (Dawes,
How to Create Public Value Through Open Data Driven Co- Creation: A Survey of the Literature
The drive for openness in government, with open data as a key component, has seen governments around the world devote a large amount of resources to publishing government collected and held data. Scarce resources are being devoted to this goal with the primary goals designated as economic growth and increased innovation. A somewhat overlooked aim is the creation of public value which can be deployed as an openness and trust enhancing apparatus. This preliminary work addresses this gap by aiming to develop the core knowledge of how public value can be co-created with open data. Through an extensive survey of the relevant literature, this research seeks to build an initial framework of public value as applied to co-created open data. Grounded in the structured literature review technique, the authors surveyed the pertinent literature to identify the primary factors that enable value co-creation from the citizens point of view. Furthermore, this research proposes an adapted collection of public values as they relate to open data.
As a field of practice and research that is fast-growing and a locus for much attention and activity, open government data (OGD) has attracted stakeholders froma variety of origins. They bring with thema variety ofmeanings for OGD. The purpose of this paper is to show how the different stakeholders and their different perspectives on OGD can be analyzed in a given context. Taking Chile as an OGD exemplar, stakeholder analysis is used to identify and categorize stakeholder groups in terms of their relative power and interest as either primary (in this case, politicians, public officials, public sector practitioners, international organizations) or secondary (civil society activists, funding donors, ICT providers, academics). Stakeholder groups sometimes associated with OGD but absent from significant involvement in Chile – such as private sector- and citizen-users – are also identified. Four different perspectives on open government data – bureaucratic, political, technological, and economic – are identified from a literature review. Template analysis is used to analyze text – OGD-related reports, conference presentations, and interviews in Chile – in terms of those perspectives. This shows bureaucratic and political perspectives to be more dominant than the other two, and also some presence for a politico-economic perspective not identified from the original literature review. The information value chain is used to identify a “missingmiddle” in current Chilean OGD perspectives: a lack of connection between a reality of data provision and an aspiration of developmental results. This pattern of perspectives can be explained by the capacities and interests of key stakeholders, with those in turn being shaped by Chile's history, politics, and institutions. Overall, stakeholder analysis and perspectives analysis are shown from this case to be workable techniques for OGD that add value by exposing the identity, power, motivations, and worldview of key actors. They provide a necessary foundation of knowledge for both researchers and practitioners who need to understand the different meanings of OGD in any particular context.
Delivery of Public Value to Multiple Stakeholders through Open Government Data Platforms
Governments around the world are trying to realize the benefits of technology to make a real difference in people's lives. The use of data provided by open government data platforms has a great potential to enable new services, improve the lives of citizens and make government and society work better. This research proposes a conceptual model to explain how open government data platforms are used to enhance the access to and delivery of government information and services in order to make a real difference in people's lives. This study explores and illustrates the model by taking the perspective that Open Government Data (OGD), as a platform, influences the way city agencies are delivering information and services to increase feedback for stakeholders, including citizens, government agencies and employees. To analyze the impact on citizen's lives, government agencies and employees we used the public value perspective that can helps to determine the value of government activities from multiple stakeholders' perspectives. Specifically, this working paper presents preliminary results of our analyzes from the NYC Open Data portal. We aimed to understand how citizens, employees and other agencies are using OGD to improve their activities, the impact of that and unintended consequences.