Migration of Ethiopian youth to the Middle East and its impacts on the migrants’ sending community : Raya- Mehoni Town (original) (raw)
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Applied Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2021
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place. This type of movement can be permanent, temporary, volunteer or forced. People can move from one place to another place outside its country, like moving from Asia to Europe, like moving from Ethiopia to America and inside its country, like adigrat to Addis Ababa and from Gondar to Humera immigration. People migrate from place to place due to different reason among these economic, social, political and environmental reason are take a lion share. Materials and Methods: The main goal of this study was to investigate the causes migration from eastern zone of Tigrai. The study focuses on to identify the socio economic and demographic factors of migrant to leave their place of origin in the study area. To achieve this objective, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The Primary data was collected mainly from the returnee migrants, zone Labor and Social affairs office and from any sample of the study area economically active adult populations (15-49). The data gathered from four purposefully selected (discrete) in eastern zone. The tools used to gather the primary data were questionnaires. A total 180 respondents were selected for survey questionnaire by using simple random sampling technique from purposefully selected discrete. Descriptive statistical method was employed to analyze these quantitative data by using stata software and also Binary Logistic regression was also applied to analyze the determinant factors of migration by using stata software. Results: The result of the study indicated that migration is dominated by young aged (15-25), single male or female, their education level are primary education, their job unpaid family worker and those their family size are large. unemployment, poverty, agricultural land scarcity, individual wants to open up personal business, natural disaster like famine drought, low access to credit and experience of crop failure are the key push factors of migration. On the other hand, employment opportunities, better income from abroad and smugglers at destination country are identified as pull factors of migration. The main determinant forces or variables significantly affect migration decision in econometric analysis were age, family size, family shocks, family or individual respondent land size and high income at destination. Regarding the way of migration most of migrants were out illegal way about 75% Based on these findings.
Determinants of Internal-Migration in Ethiopia: Qualitative Review
Developing Country Studies, 2020
Internal migration is a critical problem in Ethiopia. This review focused on determinants of internal migration in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this review was to assess determinants of internal migration in Ethiopia. The review used secondary data sources from research articles and reports from different researchers and organizations who have written on the determinants of internal migration and related topic in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Depending on the reviewed document, the most significant determinants of internal migration in Ethiopia are encapsulating with household and individual demographic, socioeconomic and structural and institutional factors. Besides, food insecurity, environmental degradation, lower agricultural productivity, demographic pressure, famine, unemployment, conflicts, drought, poor living conditions, inadequate social services, land shortages in rural areas were identified as the major push factors of internal migration in Ethiopia. Although "push" factors predominate, there are some significant "pull" factors that attract rural people to traffic urban areas such as better employment opportunities, higher incomes, better healthcare and education, urban facilities and way of life, security, and other urban amenities. So, further investigations should be conducted by governmental and non-governmental institutions to suggest possible solutions by focusing on the above aforementioned significant variables that affect internal migration in Ethiopia.
Determinants of Youths Rural to Urban Migration in Ethiopia (Case of Addis Ababa)
2020
Young people comprise a considerably large share of contemporary rural-urban internal migration flows and recently becoming growing phenomena in Ethiopia. This study analyzes the determinants of rural to urban youth’s migration to Addis Ababa. To do so, the study was employed both descriptive and econometrics analysis tools to analyze the data. The paper explored that firstly, Migrant youth have heterogeneous motivation by socio demographic background. Secondly, most youth migrants characterized by secondary school attainment, literate mother or father, but low rural farm size. Thirdly, large numbers of migrants make assistance and information based migration decision. Fourthly, rural unemployment and Concentration of various elements of modernization and Proximity to better social infrastructure facilities in the urban areas greatly impact the rural-urban youth’s migration. Fifthly, Temporary income shocks can make youth socioeconomic insecure. In the last, the migrant youth have g...
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Education Sciences, 2019
The purpose of this study is to unravel the education-migration nexus in the African context, specifically Ethiopia. It examines why young people terminate their education to migrate out of the country. The study applies de Haas' aspiration-capability framework and Turner's macro, meso and micro sociology as its analytical lenses. It offers unique insight into the terrain of youth migration in southern Ethiopia based on empirical data obtained from two rural sub-districts known for high levels of youth out-migration. Data are generated based on interviews with would-be migrant youth, parents, teachers and school principals. The findings reveal that education has both direct and indirect impacts on youth migration. On the other hand, the results indicate that though terminating school could have negative ramifications on human capital accumulation at micro and macro levels, migration can positively impact households and local communities through investments made by individual migrants, migrant-returnees, and remittance-receiving households in small businesses or community development projects, which included better resourced schools.
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND THE EXPANSION OF YOUTHS' BEGGING IN JIGJIGA TOWN, EAST ETHIOPIA
International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2020
Nowadays migration is the hot issue of the world and Africa in general and Ethiopia in Particular. However, due attention has been given mainly to international migrations. The internal rural-urban migration has received less attention. Currently, internal rural-urban migration causes a significant impact on the socioeconomic development of Ethiopia in general and Jigjiga town in particular. Located at the most eastern part of the country, Jigjiga town has been serving as the transit route for international emigrants and destination to internal immigrants. The main objective of this study is, therefore, to appraise the causes and course of flow of immigrations from the surrounding rural areas to Jigjiga town and assessing the economic activities of immigrants mainly beginning at Jigjiga town. Using the qualitative method, this paper tries to fill the gap in this regard. The data has been collected through interviews, FGD, non-participant observations, and text analyses. Snowball sampling was employed to access the immigrants at Jigjiga town. The findings of thie study reveal that a significant number of destitute Oromos originating from East Hararghe Zone were a refuge in Jigjiga town where they were tried to make a living through begging in the streets, at the gate of the mosques, or going from house to house asking for food. The migrants, mainly women and children, were waiting for Friday midday prayers to end, hoping to get alms from people leaving the mosque and they have wandered from one individual house to another to beg cooked meal. Most of the migrants are addicted to drugs mainly chat and cigarettes.
Predictors of Irregular International Migration among Youth in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia
Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020
This article deals with irregular international migration among the youth in south-west Ethiopia, which is one of the major issues that grabbed the attention of the international community in recent years. The article draws on a study which aimed at determining major predictors of irregular migration intention among youth in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Irregular migration and human trafficking are serious challenges that people face in Ethiopia in general and in Jimma Zone in particular. Concurrent cross-sectional mixed method study design was deployed, and a total of 347 respondents participated in a quantitative survey and 33 and 6 took part in five Focus Group Discussions and in-depth interviews respectively. The study was conducted in three selected woredas/districts of Jimma Zone between March and April 2018. Variables such as age, political unrest, unreliable information from social media, social networks, the desire for life enhancement, and readiness for taking risk are ...
Migration in Ethiopia has slowly made its way to the top of the list of problems that the country has been facing for the past thirty years. The lack of attention to this problem has not only enraged the people of Ethiopia, but has also caused for several riots to break out in the country. Migration started to arise as a significant problem during the reign of the Derg and has continued to persist to the current administration of the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Ethiopia is a third world country which faces all the problems other third world countries are subjected to. There are several reasons why one Ethiopian might want to migrate but the majority migrate because of economic and political issues that they face in the country. From those who migrate, only a few make it to their final destination and sustain a good life for themselves. Over the past couple decades, the Ethiopian diaspora community has increased all over the world. This community consists of educated individuals that have had the opportunity to experience different types of economical and political views. The purpose of this research paper is to examine how the change of government administration has impacted the problem of migration, and what has the government done to abolish this problem. In addition, it will discuss what the Ethiopian diaspora has contributed to stop this problem from progressing.
Poverty, Youth and Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia
This paper explores the relationships between poverty and rural-urban migration in Ethiopia. It draws upon research particularly of migration for work in the construction industry and domestic work. The paper describes and analyses migration from a poor rural woreda (district) in northern Ethiopia, to the nearby city of Bahir Dar and the capital, Addis Ababa. Extreme poverty is one of the main driving factors behind these flows of migration. Our research suggests that migration of this type does not lead to immediate flows of remittance income from migrants to their households. We explain why this is, and how migrants and their households nevertheless plan to move out of poverty. We argue that there are important non- economic factors and long-term strategies that encourage migration even where working conditions are hard and returns are low.
Trends in Contemporary International Migration of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is found in the 'Eastern Africa migration system' known for turbulent population mobility due to a host of social, economic, and political factors. The migration problem of East Africa, in which, a substantial exploration of the complexity and intensity of the migration pattern of Ethiopia has become necessary in the context of social transformation and development processes. To this end, this study is designed to provide migratory change and developmental patterns of international migration of Ethiopia in regional and sub-regional perspectives based on long-term macro statistics. The data obtained from the Reports of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs and World Bank's Development Indicators have been used to describe, analyze and explain long-term patterns of international migration of Ethiopia within the regional contexts. Results show the trend that Ethiopia experienced a continuous increase in its international migrant stock in the last five decades, from less than 400,000 in 1960 to over 1 million in 2015. Refugees and transit migrants constituted the largest number of immigrants, mostly from the neighboring countries, driven by continuous conflicts and political instability. Ethiopia, once dominant in refugee flows in the Horn of Africa due to political conflict, famine, and persecution, experienced a sharp decline in the share of refugees in the Horn of Africa in the last three decades. Economic motives have recently become the prime factors in migration decisions among the Ethiopians as observed with the fact that the USA and the Middle East are the major destinations. The findings revealed that Ethiopian emigration is characterized by the inter-continental flows unlike the Sub-Saharan migration pattern known to have an intra-continental migratory link. Feminization of Ethiopian migration is also evident particularly in core destination countries of the Global North, which indicates the increasing role of females in migration decisions but also disproves the widely held perception about Ethiopians emigration to the Arab World as female-specific. In the final analysis, Ethiopia could be regarded rather as a destination, with over 1.2 million migrants, than as an origin, with just over 800,000 as of 2017, which now make the country a regional migration hub in the Horn of Africa.