Calculated core-level sensitivity factors for quantitative XPS using an HP5950B spectrometer (original) (raw)

1983, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(83)80010-3

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Abstract

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Values of core-level sensitivity factors for a Hewlett-Packard HP5950B X-ray photoelectron spectrometer have been calculated using theoretical photoionization cross-sections, asymmetry parameters, and an instrument throughput function. These sensitivity factors allow for semiquantitative elemental analysis by XPS when combined with a mean-free-path function for the sample. The results are detailed in Table 1, demonstrating how these factors facilitate analysis under specific sample conditions.

On the relation between X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and XAFS

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2013

XAFS and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) are element specific techniques used in a great variety of research fields. The near edge regime of XAFS provides information on the unoccupied electronic states of a system. For the detailed interpretation of the XAFS results, input from XPS is crucial. The combination of the two techniques is also the basis for the so called core-hole clock technique. One of the important aspects of photoelectron spectroscopy is its chemical sensitivity and that one can obtain detailed information about the composition of a sample. We have for a series of carbon based model molecules carefully investigated the relationship between core level photoelectron intensities and stoichiometry. We find strong EXAFS-like modulations of the core ionization cross sections as function of photon energy and that the intensities at high photon energies converge towards values that do not correspond to the stoichiometric ratios. The photoelectron intensities are dependent on the local molecular structure around the ionized atoms. These effects are well described by molecular calculations using multiple scattering theory and by considering the effects due to monopole shake-up and shake-off as well as to intramolecular inelastic scattering processes.

Recent developments in instrumentation for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Analytical Chemistry, 1989

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is one of the many electron spectroscopies particularly useful for the chemical analysis of surfaces. The technique, based on the photoemission of electrons induced by soft X-rays, is widely used for detailed surface analytical problem solving hecause it allows multiple-element detection, provides chemical bonding and state information from chemical shifts, and provides quantitative information.

Modeling of X-ray photoelectron spectra: surface and core hole effects

Surface and Interface Analysis, 2014

The shape and intensity of photoelectron peaks are strongly affected by extrinsic excitations due to electron transport out of the surface and by intrinsic excitations induced by the sudden creation of the static core hole. Besides, elastic electron scattering may also be important. These effects should be included in the theoretical description of the emitted photoelectron peaks. To investigate the importance of surface and core hole effects relative to elastic scattering effect, we have calculated full XPS spectra for the Cu 2p emissions of Cu and CuO with the simulation of electron spectra for surface analysis (SESSA) software and with a convolution procedure using the differential inelastic electron scattering cross-section obtained with the quantitative analysis of electron energy loss in XPS (QUEELS-XPS) software. Surface and core hole effects are included in QUEELS-XPS but absent in SESSA while elastic electron scattering effects are included in SESSA but absent in QUEELS-XPS. Our results show that the shape of the XPS spectra are strongly modified because of surface and core hole effects, especially for energy losses smaller than about 20 eV.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of gaseous atoms and molecules

1980

A versatile gas phase x-ray photoelectron spectrometer employing a PDP 8/e minicomputer to control the spectrometer functions and data accumulation is described. Facilities for heating materials inside the spectrometer to ^10 00°C are currently available, and the advantages of such are suitably demonstrated. Core level x-ray photoelectron spectra of the Group IA metal atoms, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and the Group IIA metal atoms, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium have been obtained. These provide the first accurate measurements of the core binding energies for several of these elements. Experimental and theoretical values from the literature are compared with the present results. The free atom binding energies are found to be greater than the comparative solid state binding energies. The experimental "phase transition shifts" are compared with various theoretical estimates. Multielectron excitation satel-v-TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 References 11 CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 N-Electron Wave Functions 15 2.3 Molecular Orbital Calculations For XPS Studies 21 2.4 Koopmans 1 Theorem and Binding Energies 25 2.5 Further Binding Energy Calculations.. 2 7 2.6 Configuration Interaction Method .... 29 2.7 Transition Probabilities and Photoelectron Cross-Sections 31 2.8 Sudden Approximation 35 2.9 Sum Rules on Energy and Intensity 40 2.10 Core Binding Energy Shifts 4 3 2.11 Relaxation Effects on Binding Energy 4 7 2.11.1 Atoms 4 8 2.11.2 Molecules 51 2.11.3 Solids 52 2.11.4 Core Level Binding Energy Shifts in Metals 54 2.12 Multicomponent Structure in XPS 60 2.12.1 Spin-Orbit Splitting 60 2.12.2 Multiplet Splitting 62 2.12.3 Multielectron Excitations ..

Detector Calibration and Measurement of Fundamental Parameters for X-Ray Spectrometry

Microchimica Acta, 2006

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry offers the opportunity for a fast and reliable determination of the composition of a specimen. For fundamental parameter based quantification, detailed knowledge of the X-ray generation cross sections and of the detection system's efficiency is required. The detection efficiency is determined comparing the measured and calculated spectrum of undispersed synchrotron radiation (SR) from the electron storage ring BESSY II in the spectral range from 0.1 keV to 100 keV. Alternatively, monochromatized SR in the spectral range from 0.1 keV to 60 keV is used to determine the detection efficiency with a typical relative uncertainty of 1% to 2% by direct comparison with a reference detector. Employing well-calibrated detectors and monochromatized SR of well-known radiant power and high spectral purity, fluorescence yields have been investigated and resonant Raman scattering was studied as an example of a basic effect creating spectral background.

Instrument-related geometrical factors affecting the intensity in XPS and ARXPS experiments

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 2011

The angular dependence of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) signal is influenced not only by the electron take-off angle, but also by instrument-related geometrical factors. The XPS signal is, in fact, integrated over the overlap between the X-ray beam, the spectrometer analysis volume, and the sample surface. This overlap depends on the size and shape of the spectrometer analysis volume and X-ray beam, as well as on their relative orientation. In this paper it is described the models and protocols for the characterization of the parameters defining the geometry of an XPS instrument. The protocols include practical methods for assessing the spectrometer analysis area and the X-ray beam spot dimension. Simple systems consisting of flat and "thick" gold films on silicon wafers were employed. The parameters found with those samples are transferable to other more complex systems since they are geometrical in nature. The method allows for the prediction of the actual intensity of XPS peaks, hence removing the need of normalizing the peak areas to the area of a determined substrate peak. The associated reduction of the uncertainty in half is of special importance since the quantitative analysis of angle-resolved XPS data could be very sensitive to noise. Two rotating and one non-rotating XPS instruments are described. Some examples of the applications of the method are also provided.

Spatial distribution of photoelectrons participating in formation of x-ray absorption spectra

Physical Review B, 2002

Interpretation of x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) experiments is often done via analyzing the role of particular atoms in the formation of specific peaks in the calculated spectrum. Typically, this is achieved by calculating the spectrum for a series of trial structures where various atoms are moved and/or removed. A more quantitative approach is presented here, based on comparing the probabilities that a XANES photoelectron of a given energy can be found near particular atoms. Such a photoelectron probability density can be consistently defined as a sum over squares of wave functions which describe participating photoelectron diffraction processes, weighted by their normalized cross sections. A fine structure in the energy dependence of these probabilities can be extracted and compared to XANES spectrum. As an illustration of this novel technique, we analyze the photoelectron probability density at the Ti K pre-edge of TiS 2 and at the Ti K edge of rutile TiO 2 .

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References (13)

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The alignment of spectrometers and quantitative measurements in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 1997

The alignment of the sample in X-ray photoelectron spectrometers is usually made to optimize the spectral intensities. There are two important classes of spectrometer: (i) those in which the analyser acceptance area is independent of the analysed electron kinetic energy; and (ii) those in which this area varies. Model experiments show how an example of a VG ESCALAB II conforms to class (i) whereas an example of an SSI X-probe is of class (ii) and shows an analyser acceptance area which depends approximately inversely on the emitted electron kinetic energy. This latter result means that the SSI X-probe spectrometer must be aligned for the electrons of the highest kinetic energy (smallest analyser acceptance area). A misalignment of 0.1 mm in the sample height can cause a 10% change in the relative intensities between 0 and 1000 eV binding energies. This dependence of the analyser acceptance area with energy is an effect likely to be common in the advanced electron optical systems of modern electron spectrometers and should be understood in order to use such spectrometers effectively. Such dependencies should be determined by analysts for their own instruments in the operating mode that is used for conducting work in which the repeatability of intensity measurements is important.

Enhancing the interpretation of x-ray photoelectron spectra using numerical methods

Surface and Interface Analysis, 1992

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has long been used as a surface analytical method for the determination of elemental composition and chemistry of a material. Small-area analysis allows the comparison of different areas of a sample surface, while sputter depth profiling makes it possible to follow the specific chemistry as a function of depth. Often in XPS, peak overlap or subtle changes in chemistry may sometimes make the chemical-state analysis of the elements in a material difficult. By using a variety of numerical methods, it is possible to enhance the analysis and interpretation of surface analytical data. Such numerical methods would include linear least-squares fitting and target factor analysis. By using these methods it is possible to enhance the chemical-state interpretation and in many cases significantly increase the detection limits of specific elements. Several examples of the application of numerical methods are used to illustrate the enhancement of data interpretation of XPS data, with special emphasis on linescans and sputter depth profiles.

Standard test data for estimating peak parameter errors in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy III. Errors with different curve-fitting approaches

Surface and Interface Analysis, 2000

Standard test data for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS-STD) have been developed for determining bias and random error in peak parameters derived from curve fitting in XPS. The XPS-STD are simulated C 1s spectra from spline polynomial models of measured C 1s polymer spectra. Some have a single peak, but most are doublet spectra. The doublets were created from a factorial design with three factors: peak separation, relative intensity of the component peaks, and fractional Poisson noise. These doublet spectra simulated XPS measurements made on different two-component polymer specimens. This, the second of a three-part study, focuses on bias and random errors in determining peak intensities. We report the errors in results from 20 analysts who used a variety of programs and curve-fitting approaches. Peak intensities were analyzed as a ratio of the intensity of the larger peak in a doublet to the total intensity, or as a ratio of intensities for singlet peaks in separate but related spectra. For spectra that were correctly identified as doublets, bias and random errors in peak intensities depended on the amount of separation between the component peaks and on their relative intensities. Median biases for doublets calculated on a relative, unitless scale from −1 to 1 ranged from −0.33 to 0.17, whereas random errors for doublets calculated on the same scale ranged from 0.016 to 0.18. In most cases the magnitude of the median bias exceeded the median random error. On this scale, errors of −0.33 and 0.18 corresponded to errors of factors of 4 and 2, respectively, in determinations of the relative intensities as a ratio of the larger peak in a doublet to the smaller peak. Analysts may evaluate uncertainties in their own analyses of the XPS-STD by visiting the web site http://www.acg.nist.gov/std/.

Transmission function calibration of an angular resolved analyzer for X-ray photoemission spectroscopy: Theory vs experiment

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 2014

In order to achieve the most accurate quantification results in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiment, a fine calibration of the analyzer response is required. In this work an experimental characterization of a modern angle-resolved analyzer, carried out with a unfocused and a highly collimated synchrotron source, is shown. The transmission function is extrapolated from the discrepancy between experimental and theoretically predicted XPS peak areas; the influence of different sensitivity factors and of the escape depth correction on the expected values is also discussed. The analyzer response and the theoretical approach are then tested against energy dispersive XPS measurements (EDXPS). These results are finally compared with TF calculated on the basis of an high accuracy electron ray tracing code, also described in this work.

Introductory guide to backgrounds in XPS spectra and their impact on determining peak intensities

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 2020

Photoelectron and Auger peaks are central to most of the important uses of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thus, they receive the most attention in many types of analysis. Quantitative chemical analysis using XPS requires the assessment of the intensities of the photoemission peaks of the elements detected. Determination of peak intensities requires separation of the photoelectron peak signals from the background on which the peaks rest. For the determination of peak area intensities, the background is subtracted from overall signal intensity. The spectral background is also critical when peak fitting is used to determine intensities of overlapping peaks, and the model of background used in this process can impact the results. In addition to the impact on quantitative analysis, information about the depth distribution of elements in the near surface region can often be obtained by visual inspection of the background and quantified using appropriate modeling. This introdu...

INK: A computer program for accurate analysis of particle-induced X-ray emission spectra

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1986

A computer program, INK, for the analysis of spectra obtained in proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is described. It fits Gaussian-shaped lines to the characteristic peaks. The continuum is fitted by an exponential function representing bremsstrahlung of the incident particles, secondary electron induced bremsstrahlung and different Compton scattering processes. The program is largely automatic. It is capable of providing fits for up to 20 elements in one to four minutes on a small microcomputer. It locates all peaks in a read-in spectrum and determines their energies, areas and elemental abundances. Applications to biological and geological samples are discussed.

Validity of the independent-particle approximation in x-ray photoemission: The exception, not the rule

Physical Review A, 1999

A combined experimental and theoretical study of argon valence photoionization illustrates the discovery of the broad lack of validity of the independent-particle approximation ͑IPA͒ for x-ray photoemission. In addition to previously known breakdowns of the IPA, which are limited to high photon energies and regions very near threshold, the observed breakdown in photoionization at intermediate energies demonstrates generally that the IPA is valid only in very restricted domains. These restrictions are expected to be relevant throughout the periodic table, with consequences for a wide variety of applications. ͓S1050-2947͑99͒50810-X͔

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Effect of the nature of iron naphthalocyanine supports on their activity for O2 reduction in acid media

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1989

Samples of iron naphthalocyanine (FeNPc) have been synthesized on carbon black and on active charcoal (ex-CH, and Norit BrX). These samples were examined by RDE and voltammetric techniques. After prolonged contact with acids, the samples were also investigated by XPS. The impregnations on Norit proved to be stable in H,SO, solutions, whereas the ex-CH, samples were stable only in HCIO, solution. The XPS data indicated that in catalytically active samples the in situ synthesized FeNPc molecules are deformed. The activity of FeNPc on Norit BrX remains higher than on ex-CH,. despite considerable demetallation.