Dengue Fever in the Western Hemisphere (original) (raw)
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Epidemiological surveillance of Dengue fever: An overview
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Dengue fever is the most common of all arthropod-borne viral diseases and has emerged as a major public health problem in recent years. Though the disease has been referred in ancient Chinese medical encyclopedia, the first case was reported in 1789 during the epidemics in Asia, Africa and North America. It was then when Benjamin Rush coined the term ‘break bone fever’ because of the symptoms of myalgia and arthralgia. However, the term dengue fever came into general use only after 1828 (Anonymous, 2010) [6]. Dengue viruses (DENVs) belong to family Flaviviridae, which are transmitted through mosquito; Aedes aegypti and also by Ae. albopictus. There are four sero types of the virus referred to as DENV-1, DENV2, DENV-3 and DENV-4, actually originated in monkeys and independently jumped to humans in Africa or Southeast Asia between 800 and 100 years ago (Brett et al. 2007) [19]. Each dengue virus is an encapsulated RNA virus and is composed of three structural protein genes, which enco...
Dengue virus: epidemiology, biology, and disease aetiology
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Dengue is a vector-borne viral disease caused by the flavivirus dengue virus (DENV). Approximately 400 million cases and 22 000 deaths occur due to dengue worldwide each year. It has been reported in more than 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. A positive-stranded enveloped RNA virus (DENV) is principally transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It has four antigenically distinct serotypes, DENV-1 to DENV-4, with different genotypes and three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins. Clinical symptoms of dengue range from mild fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), with thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and increased vascular permeability. Although primary infection causes activation of immune responses against DENV serotypes, the severity of the disease is enhanced via heterotypic infection by various serotypes as well as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The first licensed DENV vaccine was tetravalent CYD Denvaxia, but i...
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Current review article focuses on dengue, which is one of the most fatal infectious illnesses and is considered to be a worldwide threat. The paper covers essential topics including an overview on neglected tropical diseases with specific emphasis on Dengue fever, mosquito's cycle of life and mechanism of infection, adaptive response, and different stages in dengue immunopathogenesis. The current work is also dedicated to the thorough study of dengue outbreak across the globe with a narrowed study to tropical and subtropical regions. Moreover, this review article demonstrates the correlation between climate factors and dengue incidence. Furthermore, we present an overview of the detection strategies of dengue including the latest developments in commercial and non-commercial platforms. Several attempts in developing an effective vaccine to protect individuals from dengue infection and the stage of clinical trials are gathered in the present work as well. Future directions including bio-control are also discussed in this review article. In an overall view, effective management of Dengue is a multidisciplinary task that requires international involvement from different backgrounds and expertise to address this global concern. This review article briefly portrays some of these connecting areas across the disciplines while many other perspectives remain uncovered.
The Open Public Health Journal
Dengue is the second most dangerous vector-borne disease worldwide in terms of incidence and mortality rate [1]. Many nations are experiencing dengue outbreaks, including the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Pacific Islands [2]. Dengue, also known as dengue fever (DF), is a viral disease that is carried and spread by female mosquitos, mostly Aedes aegypti and to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. The virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family and has four separate but closely related serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) [3]. Whilst there are four types of the dengue virus, it is still possible to be re-infected as the immune system only becomes immune to one serotype at a time.
The laboratorial diagnosis of dengue: Applications and implications
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 2009
but only 3.298 were confirmed by laboratory tests. There were 77 deaths and 1.069 confirmed cases of DHF (dengue hemorrhagic fever), resulting in a lethality rate of 7.2% for DHF. There were also 3.298 notified cases of classical dengue disease with complications, resulting in 53 deaths. Data can be found on the website, www.portal.saude.gov.br. The number of reported cases of dengue and DHF in the Americas until October, 2008, is shown in Table 1 (Source: www.who.int). inTrodUcTion D engue is the most important arthropod-borne virus disease at the world level, and is very significant in the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. It is caused by the infection with one of the four Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, classified as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. The DENV are RNA viruses, belonging to the Flavivirus genre of the Flaviviridae family, and their principal transmission vectors are arthropods of the Aedes genre, especially Aedes aegypti. The clinical manifestations of the infection vary from asymptomatic, passing by the classical dengue disease to more severe syndromes characterized by hemorrhagy and hipovolemic shock (hemorrhagic dengue syndrome). [1] Every year, it is estimated that infections by the Dengue viruses are responsible for more than 100.000.000 cases of the classical dengue disease and more than 500.000 cases of the hemorrhagic dengue syndrome all over the world. However, the real prevalence is not well known, since the notification in less developed countries is still considered unsatisfactory. [2] In Brazil, according to the Department of Health Surveillance of the Ministry of Health, in the year 2008, only up to April, 230.829 suspect cases of dengue were notified, The diagnosis of infection by the dengue virus relies, in most cases, on the clinical judgment of the patient, since only a few major centers have clinical laboratories that offer diagnostic tests to confirm the clinical impressions of an infection. At present, routine laboratory diagnosis is done by different kinds of testing. Among them are the methods of serological research, virus isolation, detection of viral antigens, and detection of viral genomes. The continued development of diagnostic tests, which are cheap, sensitive, specific, easy to perform, and capable of giving early diagnosis of the dengue virus infection is still a need. There are also other obstacles that are not specifically related to the technological development of diagnostic methods. For instance, infrastructure of the laboratories, the training of personnel, and the capacity of research of these laboratories are still limited in many parts of Brazil and the world, where dengue is endemic. Clinical laboratories, especially the ones that serve regions with a high incidence of dengue, should be aware of all the diagnostic methods available for routine these days, and choose the one that best suit their working conditions and populations served, in order to save lives.
Dengue Fever: Stages, Complication, Diagnosis, and Prevention Strategies
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2021
Dengue fever virus (DENV) is said to be a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the genus is Flavivirus. The disease can be transmitted through infected blood products and also through organ donation. Vertical transmission (from mother to child) at the time of pregnancy or during birth has been reported. Other unusual reports showed man-to-man modes of transmission. Hemorrhagic fever is specified by hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, leakage of blood plasma, or dengue shock syndrome. Dengue is basically transmitted by various species of mosquito among the genus Aedes, the most uniquely identified one is Aedes aegypti. There are four different but very closely related serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) of the virus that causes Dengue. Lifelong immunity against the particular serotype that has caused the infection is believed to have been imparted upon recovery. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes is either partial or t...