An adventitious distal abscissa in the forewing of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis ) (original) (raw)
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 2009
A comparative morpholo ical study of the basal sclerites of the bee labium was undertaken. The term postmentum was appfied to the basal sclerite of the bee labium. In contrast to recent interpretations, the undivided postmentum was found to be ancestral for bees and homologous with the single postmental sclerite of other Hymenoptera. This sclerite has previously been incorrectly indentified as two separate sclerites, usually termed mentum and lorum (= submentum), for many shorttongued bees (Colletidae, Halictidae, Andrenidae, Melittidae) and for the long-tongued families of bees (Anthophoridae, Fideliidae Megachilidae) excepting most members of the Apidae. The postmentum, divided into a true mentum and lorum, was found only in certain members of the Apidae. A phylogenetic implication resulting from this stud shows that the Andrenidae ma be the sister group to the MCL-T group (Melittidae, Ctenoplectrid7ae and long-tongued families orbees). In addition, it is proposed that the Euglossinae should be the sister group to the Apinae (Meliponini, Apini and Bombini). This means that eusociality may be considered a synapomorphy for the Apinae.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016
Complex internal skeletal structures, despite their potential as rich sources of phylogenetic information, are still poorly described and used in comparative studies of insects in general, and bees in particular. In this study we present the results of a comprehensive investigation of the internal structures of the mesosoma of bees (e.g. prosternum, propleuron, mesofurca/metafurca and mesophragma); a comparative study was undertaken for bees in general with special emphasis on the tribe Apini. Phylogenetically informative characters are defined and the morphological terminology used for bees is standardized to that used for other Hymenoptera. The potential of these morphological complexes as sources of phylogenetic information was evaluated contrasting the data obtained here with alternative scenarios for corbiculate phylogeny and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. The prosternum possessed the largest number of unambiguous character state changesnine transformations in the most parsimonious scenario. The changes include the produced lateral processes of the prosternum, absence of the profurcal pit, constriction between the basisternum and the furcasternum, and absence of pubescence on the surface of the basisternum. On the other hand, considerable homoplasy was observed particularly for the characters from the propleuron and mesofurca/metafurca. This may be the consequence of a long morphological branch separating Apini from the remaining apids or a rapid diversification of the corbiculate lineages. In this context, the inclusion of fossil information and use of new technologies for phenotypic studies can open new windows for future comparative morphological studies in bees.
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2016
Antenna of honey bees is geniculate and has been known to possess a wide variety of sensilla. The sensilla are sensitive to odor, temperature, humidity, air pressure and gustatory stimuli. The antennal form as well as the sensilla arrangement has been suggested to be adapted to the pheromone perception need of a particular species. Electron microscopy is today considered an important tool in elucidating the external morphological details of diverse biological material. In the present investigations, ultrastructural study on the antenna of plains and hill populations of Apis cerana F. was taken into account. Studies revealed differences at electron microscopic level in the antennal morphology and types and distribution of sensilla on the antenna in different populations of honey bees.
Journal of Applied and Natural Science
Taste stimuli play vital role in the life of honey bees. Sensory structures observed on tongue of the honey bees with the help of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have become an important tool in analyzing honey bee biodiversity which offers an advanced diagnostic tool to study honey bee biogeography and determine adaptive variations to native flora. Tongue of honey bees present a high geographic variability in regard to the floral resources visited by the bees. The present study has determined to determine differences in the tongue ofopen-nesting bees by scanning electron microscopy of Apis dorsata and Apis florea. The two bees showed distinct morphological variations with respect to the lapping and sucking apparatus. It was observed that the ridges on the proximal region exhibited rough surface on A.dorsata whereas spinous in case of A.florea. Moreover, the arrangement of hair in the middle part of the tongue also differed in the two species. The shape of flabellum differed in t...
Evolution and phylogeny of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apiformes)
2012
The higher phylogeny of bees (=Apiformes, Anthophila) has yet to be satisfactorily resolved despite several broad-based studies utilizing morphological or molecular data. Several vexing aspects of bee phylogeny are addressed in this study; for example, the relationships of the basal groups to each other, the position of the Stenotritidae and Oxaeidae, the tribal relationships within the Colletidae and Apidae, the monophyletic status of the Melittidae, the relationships of several problematic and phylogenetically isolated taxa, i.e. Ancyla, Ctenoplectra, Tarsalia, and Pararhophites, as well as the placement of the many parasitic bees. The history of classification, higher taxonomy and evolution of bees is recapitulated in a largely chronological manner. The aim of the study is to reexamine the higher phylogeny of bees using a fresh set of morphological characters in computer-assisted cladistic analyses. Specimens were selected from all families, subfamilies and nearly all tribes of b...
Systematic Entomology, 2007
Fifty-four genera of the bee family Apidae comprising almost all tribes were analysed based on 77 traditional and one new character of the mature larvae. Nine, especially cleptoparasitic species, were newly added. Analyses were performed by maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Trees inferred from the analysis of the complete dataset were rooted by taxa from the families Melittidae and Megachilidae. Unrooted trees inferred from the analysis of the partial dataset (excluding outgroup taxa) are also presented to preclude possible negative effects of the outgroup on the topology of the ingroup. Only the subfamily Nomadinae was statistically well supported. The monophyly of the subfamilies Xylocopinae and Apinae was not topologically recovered. The monophyly of the tribe Tetrapediini was supported, and this tribe was found to be related to xylocopine taxa. At the very least, larval morphology suggests that Tetrapedia is not a member of the subfamily Apinae. Our analyses support the monophyly of the Eucerine line (Emphorini, Eucerini, Exomalopsini, Tapinotaspidini) and of the Apine line (Anthophorini, Apini, Bombini, Centridini, Euglossini, Meliponini). All analyses support the monophyly of totally cleptoparasitic tribes of the subfamily Apinae. We named this group the Melectine line (Ericrocidini, Isepeolini, Melectini, Osirini, Protepeolini, Rhathymini). In previous studies all these cleptoparasitic tribes were considered independent evolutionary lineages. Our results suggest that their similarities with hosts in morphology and pattern are probably the result of convergence and host-parasite co-evolution than phylogenetic affinity. According to the present analysis, the cleptoparasitism has evolved independently only six times within the family Apidae.
Systematic Entomology, 2015
Phylogenetic relationships of corbiculate bees have been a well-known focus of controversies over the past 30 years. The majority of the morphological datasets support the monophyly of Apina + Meliponina, whereas molecular datasets recover Meliponina as sister to Bombina. This issue is especially critical to the proper understanding of the evolution of clusters of traits that define the corbiculate eusocial behaviour. This work provides a description and discussion on characters of the head capsule, mandibles and sitophore of bees. Thirty-three characters are proposed and optimized within concurrent phylogenetic hypotheses for corbiculate bees, which results in seven derived character-states supporting the monophyly of the Apina + Meliponina + Bombina and nine supporting the Apina + Meliponina clades. Although some striking synapomorphies (e.g. tentorial bridge, pleurostomal condyle, hypopharyngeal lobe) support the former clade, most characters supporting the latter (i.e. Apina + Meliponina) were losses/reductions. Moreover, two previously undescribed character transformations on hypostoma and sitophore favour the Bombina + Meliponina clade. Internal head capsule characters are useful for phylogenetic analysis in comparative studies of bees, and corbiculate bees in particular, when efforts are made to solve the 'corbiculate controversy'. An attempt is made to standardize the current terminology used for bees and for other Hymenoptera.
2001
The presence of glands and pseudoglandular structures in the legs of male and female of Euglossine bees was studied. Insect gland cells belonging to class I or class III are present in all pairs of legs and in all leg segments. Pseudoglandular structures are present in the male pretarsus, which lacked a typical tarsal gland. A special, probably absorptive epidermis, is present in addition to class III glandular cells in this segment. The basitarsus epidermis has special features which differed from other bees, and males have a tibial organ in the hind pair of legs. Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the component parts of these structures showed that the tibial organ consists of three morphologically distinct parts, which could be distinguished in Euglossa cordata, Eulaema mandibularis and Eufrisea violacens. However, in Exaerete smaradigina, zone III was absent and there was a poorly defined zone IV.
Wing Venation Characters of Honey Bees
Journal of Apiculture. 28(2):79-86. , 2013
Beside the basic function of honey bee wings in flight they are also important in honey bee subspecies characterization and discrimination by means of wing venation characters. Various wing venation characters were employed and developed for studying honey bee subspecies. Two categories of morphometric analyses, standard and geometric, were applied widely in apicultural researches. During the last decades, a noticeable progress in morphometric studies was attained in connection with the development of statistical methods and new trends for performing morphometric analyses. Therefore, this paper reviews the works on honey bee morphometrics; techniques, analysis and challenges to facilitate understanding and comparing wing-based morphometric of honey bees. The full text on: http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/3178448 or www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/3178448?Collection=1&Id=3178448&Page=0&Sort=1&pagesize=0
Journal of entomology and zoology studies, 2016
Tongue of honey bees is modified for collecting nectar. Regarding their nutritional requirements, taste perception plays vital role in the life of honey bees. Honey bee biodiversity with respect to sensory structures on tongue can be analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy. This technique offers an advanced diagnostic tool to study honey bee biogeography and to determine adaptive variations to native flora. Mouth parts have been considered as an important morphological character for beneficial exploitation under the electron microscope. This aspect has, however, not been sufficiently exploited. In the present investigation, scanning electron microscopic studies on tongue of Apis cerana plains and hill populations have been performed and significant differences in the arrangement of spines in the middle region of tongue have been observed. It is therefore imperative that before intraspecific hybridization further complicates the scenario, modern taxonomic tests which can supplement ...