Presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from human pit sludge (original) (raw)
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Environmental Pollution, 2013
For many years, extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria were a problem mainly located in medical facilities. Within the last decade however, ESBL-producing bacteria have started spreading into the community and the environment. In this study, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from sewage sludge were collected, analysed and compared to ESBL-E. coli from human urinary tract infections (UTIs). The dominant ESBL-gene-family in both sample groups was bla(CTX-M), which is the most prevalent ESBL-gene-family in human infection. Still, the distribution of ESBL genes and the frequency of additional antibiotic resistances differed in the two sample sets. Nevertheless, phenotyping did not divide isolates of the two sources into separate groups, suggesting similar strains in both sample sets. We speculate that an exchange is taking place between the ESBL E. coli populations in infected humans and sewage sludge, most likely by the entry of ESBL E. coli from UTIs into the sewage system.
Frontiers in Public Health, 2021
Introduction: Human faecal sludge contains diverse harmful microorganisms, making it hazardous to the environment and public health if it is discharged untreated. Faecal sludge is one of the major sources of E. coli that can produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli in faecal sludge samples collected from faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. Methods: ESBL producing E. coli were screened by cultural as well as molecular methods and further characterized for their major ESBL genes, plasmid profiles, pathotypes, antibiotic resistance patterns, conjugation ability, and genetic similarity. Results: Of 296 isolates, 180 were phenotypically positive for ESBL. All the isolates, except one, contained at least one ESBL gene that was tested (blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−2, blaCTX−M−8, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−15, blaCTX−M−25, blaTEM, and blaSHV). From pl...
Journal of Water and Health
The goal of this study was to determine how surface and wastewater contribute to the contamination of the environment with an extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli). Water samples (n = 32) were collected from eight different locations of Islamabad and processed for microbiological and molecular analyses of E. coli and ESBL E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out to determine the resistance pattern of the isolates. A total of 21 water samples were contaminated with E. coli and 15 isolates were identified as ESBL producers harboring blaTEM (40%) and blaCTX-M (33.33%) genes. Interestingly, all the ESBL E. coli isolates showed the least resistance against second-generation Cephalosporins compared to other generations. Moreover, the study showed that the aquatic environment is harboring multidrug-resistant E. coli; therefore, it may act as a source of transmission to humans. The recovery of ESBL E. coli isolates resistant to higher g...
Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh produces a diverse range of antibiotics for human and animal use, however, waste disposal management is inadequate. This results in substantial quantities of antibiotics being discharged into water bodies, which provide suitable environment for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, capable of spreading resistance genes. This study intended for exploring the bacterial antibiotic resistance profile in adjoining aquatic environmental sources of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh. Seven surface water samples were collected from the vicinity of two pharmaceutical industries located in the Savar area and 51 Escherichia coli isolates were identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the highest percentage of resistance against ampicillin, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (100%) and the lowest resistance against meropenem (1.96%) out of sixteen different antibiotics tested. 100% of the study E. coli isolates were observed with Multidrug resistance phenotypes, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) value ranging from 0.6-1.0. Furthermore, 69% of the isolates were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) positive as per the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). ESBL resistance genes bla TEM , bla CTX-M-13 , bla CTX-M-15 , and bla SHV were detected in 70.6% (n = 36), 60.8% (n = 32), 54.9% (n = 28), and 1.96% (n = 1) of the isolates, respectively, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Additionally, 15.68% (n = 8) of the isolates were positive for E. coli specific virulence genes in PCR. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical wastewater, if not properly treated, could be a formidable source of antibiotic resistance spread in the surrounding aquatic environment. Therefore, continued surveillance for drug resistance among bacterial populations around drug manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh is necessary, along with proper waste disposal management.
PLoS ONE, 2013
Background: Unsafe water supplies continue to raise public health concerns, especially in urban areas in low resource countries. To understand the extent of public health risk attributed to supply water in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Escherichia coli isolated from tap water samples collected from different locations of the city were characterized for their antibiotic resistance, pathogenic properties and genetic diversity. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 233 E. coli isolates obtained from 175 tap water samples were analysed for susceptibility to 16 different antibiotics and for the presence of genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Nearly 36% (n = 84) of the isolates were multi-drug($3 classes of antibiotics) resistant (MDR) and 26% (n = 22) of these were positive for extended spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL). Of the 22 ESBL-producers, 20 were positive for bla CTX-M-15 , 7 for bla OXA-1-group (all had bla OXA-47) and 2 for bla CMY-2. Quinolone resistance genes, qnrS and qnrB were detected in 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. Around 7% (n = 16) of the isolates carried virulence gene(s) characteristic of pathogenic E. coli; 11 of these contained lt and/or st and thus belonged to enterotoxigenic E. coli and 5 contained bfp and eae and thus belonged to enteropathogenic E. coli. All MDR isolates carried multiple plasmids (2 to 8) of varying sizes ranging from 1.2 to .120 MDa. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 70 to 100 MDa in size, while ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline resistance were co-transferred in conjugative plasmids of 50 to 90 MDa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed diverse genetic fingerprints of pathogenic isolates. Significance: Multi-drug resistant E. coli are wide spread in public water supply in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through supply water pose serious threats to public health in urban areas.
2020
ObjectivesEscherichia coli is one of the most potential agents of community and hospital-acquired infections, which can readily acquire non-susceptibility to drugs administered to animals and humans. E. coli, which has been broadly applied as an indicator of fecal contamination in aquatic environments, is routinely conducted non-virulence. Nevertheless, some isolates can be virulence. The main objectives of this work were to survey antibiotic non-susceptibility and to characterize virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes including traT, fimH, blaCTX, and tetA among the E. coli isolates recovered from sewage in Gonabad, in the northeast of Iran.Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 99 non-duplicate strains of E. coli was removed from three types of sewage including poultry (33 isolates), urban (33), and livestock slaughterhouse (33) sewages in Gonabad from May 2016 to April 2017. Then, the antimicrobial susceptibility test and extended-spectrum-beta-...
Veterinary World, 2020
Background and Aim: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are gradually increasing worldwide and carry a serious public threat. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from fecal samples of piglets and pig farm workers. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from <3-month-old piglets (n=156) and farm workers (n=21) were processed for the isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in MacConkey agar added with 1 μg/mL of cefotaxime. E. coli (piglets=124; farm workers=21) were tested for ESBL production by combined disk method and ESBL E-strip test. Each of the ESBL-positive isolate was subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. The ESBL-producing E. coli were further processed for genotypic confirmation to CTX-M gene. Results: A total of 55 (44.4%, 55/124) and nine (42.9%, 9/21) ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from piglets and farm workers, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from piglets and farm workers showed 100% resistance to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, and cefpodoxime. A proportion of 100% (55/55) and 88.9% (8/9) ESBL-positive E. coli were multidrug resistance (MDR) in piglets and farm workers, respectively. On genotypic screening of the ESBL E. coli isolated from piglets (n=55), 15 were positive for the blaCTX-M gene and of the nine ESBL E. coli from farm workers, none were positive for the blaCTX-M gene. Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference in isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli between piglets and farm workers, the ESBL-positive E. coli from piglets showed relatively higher MDR than farm workers.
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014
Introduction: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli generate a major problem for clinical therapeutics and epidemiological study. The incidence of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increasing during the past few years, and remains an important cause of failure of therapy with cephalosporins. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli isolates taken from different clinical specimens by phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Methods: In this descriptive study, a total of 100 E. coli isolates collected from different clinical specimens were used. The antibiotic resistance pattern to twelve antimicrobial agents was determined by disk diffusion method. The ESBLs producing strains were confirmed by double-disk-diffusion test, and the CTX-M, TEM, SHV, and OXA were detected by PCR. Results: The prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli was 56%. The results show that 95% of ESBL producing E. coli isolates tested were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, 93% for ceftazidime, 86% for azithromycin, 79% for cefazolin and 43% to imipenem. Among the ESBL producing E. coli, 48%, 30% and 11% were positive for CTX-M, TEM and SHV genes, respectively. OXA was not found in all isolates. Conclusion: ESBL producing isolates of E. coli have been increasingly recognized and there is a need to carefully formulate therapeutic strategies to control infections in teaching Hospitals. The high percentage of drug resistance in ESBL producing E. coli suggests that routine detection of ESBL is required by reliable laboratory methods.
Journal of Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis
Background and objectives: Multidrug-resistant E. coli expressing extended-spectrum β-lactamase pose serious challenges to clinicians for the therapeutic management of clinical cases in urinary tract infection. The ability of beta-lactamase to cause resistance varies with its activity, quantity, cellular location of gram-negative organisms and its permeability of the producer strain. Therefore, this study was focused to determine the dominance of MDR E. coli and evaluation of status of β-lactamase enzyme produced by MDR E. coli. Materials and methods: A total of 321 successive midstream urine samples were processed among suspected cases of urinary tract infection. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of uropathogens. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion technique. The MDR E. coli isolates were screened for ESBL by double disc synergy test and confirmed with combined disc diffusion test. The p-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The maximum numbers of MDR E. coli isolates were isolated as of female patients with 55.75% than male of 44.24%. Most of the MDR E. coli isolates were isolated from less than 20 years with 30.97% and was dropped in between 40-60 years with 20.35%. The MDR E. coli isolates in association with gender and age group was found to be statistically insignificant (p=0.310). Among 69 suspected ESBL E. coli isolates, 62.31% were confirmed as ESBL producer. Conclusion: E. coli isolates showed shocking rate of drug resistance to the frequently prescribed drugs. The high rate of ESBL-producing MDR E. coli was also observed. There is an increasing need for periodic monitoring of drug susceptibility pattern to prevent the spread and development of antimicrobial resistant strains and ESBL producers.