A single dominant Ganoderma species is responsible for root rot of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus in Sumatra (original) (raw)
Related papers
Australasian Plant …, 2009
Fungal sporocarps and cultures associated with signs and symptoms of root-rot disease were collected from Acacia mangium and other tropical hardwood species. The collections were identified by either morphological characters and/or by phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences as Ganoderma philippii, G. mastoporum, G. aff. steyaertanum, G. australe and Amauroderma rugosum. Phylogenetic analysis unequivocally placed in the G. philippii clade four sequences amplified from A. mangium root and butt tissue showing clear signs of red root-rot disease (roots are covered by a red rhizomorphic skin). Whereas G. philippii was the most frequently encountered fungal species in A. mangium with red root-rot disease, this study indicates that other fungal species related to G. mastoporum may cause root-rot disease with very similar symptoms. An isolate (FRIM 138) that had caused red root-rot disease in artificial inoculations carried out before this study and was presumed to be G. philippii, is here determined to be closely related to G. mastoporum, G. cupreum and G. sinense. A Ganoderma species associated with a yellow-brown root-rot disease killing trees in an A. mangium plantation in Central Java, previously identified as G. lucidum, is shown by phylogenetic analysis to be closely related to G. steyaertanum, though some morphological characters vary from the original description of that species.
Forest Pathology, 2014
DNA sequence variation in the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) was exploited to design species-specific primers for Ganoderma philippii and Ganoderma mastoporum, two fungi associated with red root rot in Acacia mangium and other perennial crops. Specificity was verified against five other Ganoderma species, 34 other basidiomycete species and two ascomycete species. The PCR tests assisted in the identification of 822 fungal isolates obtained from A. mangium and Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Indonesia. These tests have provided a high level of confidence in the identification of the major root rot pathogens, information that can be used to support the development of management options for their control in A. mangium plantations.
Ganoderma steyaertanum as a root-rot pathogen of forest trees
Forest Pathology, 2014
Two Acacia seed orchards, one each of A. mangium and A. auriculiformis, in Central Java have suffered high losses from root rot associated with a species of Ganoderma that is distinct from G. philippii, which causes extensive losses in A. mangium plantations in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Ganoderma steyaertanum was consistently isolated from roots of affected trees in the Javanese orchards and pathogenicity was confirmed by satisfying Koch's postulates. The mode of spread of the pathogen was examined by analysing the distribution of tree deaths in the A. mangium seed orchard and conducting somatic incompatibility tests among G. steyaertanum isolates from diseased trees. Spatial analyses indicate that, after an initially random disease distribution, the pattern of tree deaths was clustered. This is consistent with spore colonisation of thinned stumps followed by vegetative spread through root-to-root contact, as has been observed for other root pathogens such as Heterobasidion annosum. Somatic incompatibility tests demonstrated high genetic variability of the pathogen with root-to-root spread also confirmed.
Acacia plantations in Indonesia facilitate clonal spread of the root pathogen Ganoderma philippii
Plant Pathology, 2020
Ganoderma philippii is a root pathogen of many woody plants in tropical regions and is particularly aggressive to Acacia mangium, which is grown on a 6-year rotation for pulpwood in Indonesia. The disease becomes progressively worse over each rotation and control measures have met with limited success. We studied the population genetics of G. philippii to evaluate the role of sexual and asexual reproduction in its mode of spread. Populations were genetically distinct with high levels of inbreeding, and clonal spread to adjacent trees increased after the first rotation. Despite the high levels of genetic diversity seen at all sampling scales, migration rates appear low. Measures to reduce the underground spread of the pathogen as well as methods to prevent the initiation of new infections from basidiospores will be needed to reduce the incidence of root rot in A. mangium plantations.
Jurnal Silvikultur Tropika, 2013
Damar (Agathis spp.) is one type of forestry tree producing high-quality wood that is light colored and known as raw vinir. Damar tree has been planted in the Mount Walat forest Education (HPGW) IPB since 1963. The stands are grown in addition to being carbon stock and play a role in the balance of ecosystems, has also been a lot of produce Copal (resin) of value economically. However the current spread of the disease has been diagnosed of Red root rot by Ganoderma are feared to be sharpened and detrimental. This paper is an early report that needs serious attention. Research on the factors that favour the occurrence of epidemic diseases needs to be done. Due to the alternate host Ganoderma spp. on this sufficiently broad
Australasian Plant Pathology, 2018
Large numbers of Acacia cyclops trees are dying along the coastal plains of the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. The cause of the deaths has been attributed to a root and butt rot disease caused by the basidiomycete fungus Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola. However, many signs (e.g. basidiomes) and symptoms reminiscent of Ganoderma root-rot disease are commonly associated with dying trees. In this study, isolates collected from basidiomes resembling species of Ganoderma, as well as from root and butt samples from 1 diseased A. cyclops trees were subjected to DNA sequencing and morphological studies to facilitate their identification. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterisation revealed that three species of Ganoderma are associated with dying A. cyclops trees. These included G. destructans, a recently described species causing root-rot on trees elsewhere in South Africa. The remaining two were novel species, one of which is described here as G. dunense. The novel species is distinguished by its mucronate basidiome, laccate shiny pileus surface, duplex context and ovoid basidiospores. Only an immature specimen was available for the second species and a name was consequently not provided for it. Interestingly, only a single isolate representing P. acaciicola was recovered in this study, suggesting that further investigations are needed to ascertain the role of each of the four basidiomycetous rootrot fungi in the death of A. cyclops trees.
Disease progression in plantations ofAcacia mangiumaffected by red root rot (Ganoderma philippii)
Forest Pathology, 2014
The rapid emergence of Acacia mangium as the key industrial plantation species in Indonesia has been followed by the equally rapid emergence of red root rot (Ganoderma philippii) as its potential nemesis. As a consequence, and on severely affected mineral soils in equatorial tropical environments in particular, A. mangium may no longer be capable of producing commercial yields after three rotations. In this experiment, 100-tree plots were established in commercial plantings of A. mangium at five sites which represented the range of growing conditions used for plantation establishment in Indonesia. Repeated monitoring at approximately 6-month intervals of above-and below-ground variables was used to explore relationships between measures of tree health and root rot. Crown colour and density were poor predictors of either the presence or severity of infections. Tree mortality increased more or less linearly with time and led to the progressive coalescence of initially discrete disease gaps. The average rate of disease development was about 0.3% per month, and average time from infection to tree death was conservatively estimated at around 1 year. Trees with more than four dead/missing neighbours had a >50% chance of being dead by the following monitoring. By the end of the monitoring period >40% of trees were classified as dead/missing, although this value varied from 20 to 70% depending on site, tree age and rotation. Canonical discriminant analysis correctly allocated >90% trees into their correct group on the first monitoring and similarly classified whether trees would be dead or missing in the following monitoring.
2017
Oil palm is one of the most important plantation crops in Malaysia. The sustainability of oil palm is threatened by Ganoderma species. It is commonly known that Ganoderma boninense is the causal pathogen for basal stem rot (BSR) in oil palm. However, little is known about the threats by other species of Ganoderma or upper stem rot (USR), which is associated with a similar pathogen. A total of 46 isolates of Ganoderma were isolated from BSR and USR infected oil palms. The isolates were identified using a multiplex PCR, and its genetic heterogeneity was determined using a somatic compatibility test. It was found that BSR and USR coexisted in the plantations, and USR emerged as one of the major diseases. The diseases were associated with similar pathogens, namely G. zonatum (71.7%), followed by G. boninense (26.1%), and G. miniatocinctum (2.2%). Somatic compatibility test indicated that all the isolates were genetically heterogeneous. These results show that G. zonatum and the transmis...
Annals of Arid Zone, 2023
Last couple of decades have witnessed large-scale mortality of Indian mesquite (Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce) or Khejri in specific areas of the Indian arid region. It is caused by Ganoderma lucidum, a root rot-causing soil-borne fungi. The disease is more common in sandy soils where trees experience greater moisture and temperature stress during the summers which predisposes them to the fungal infection. The infection spreads from diseased to healthy trees primarily through root-to-root contacts. Movement of injured lateral roots of P. cineraria from infected tree to healthy trees during mechanical ploughing is a common way of infection dissemination. In later stages of infection, the trees weaken and are then often attacked by an insect, Acanthophorus serraticornis, which aggravate the root rot incidence and accelerate the tree mortality. Isolating infected trees from healthy ones by digging a mechanical trench around has been advocated in past as a prophylactic measure. But the scattered distribution of trees in the fields limits adoption of this approach on a large scale and hence alternate approaches need to be developed to minimize the tree mortality. In this paper, we have discussed about symptoms, pathogen, predisposing factors and management strategies of Ganoderma induced tree mortality and also some ongoing studies.
Ganoderma species of basal and upper stem rots in oil palm (Elaeis Guineensis) in Sarawak, Malaysia
Journal of Academia UiTM Negeri Sembilan, 2017
Oil palm is one of the most important plantation crops in Malaysia. The sustainability of oil palm is threatened by Ganoderma species. It is commonly known that Ganoderma boninense is the causal pathogen for basal stem rot (BSR) in oil palm. However, little is known about the threats by other species of Ganoderma or upper stem rot (USR), which is associated with a similar pathogen. A total of 46 isolates of Ganoderma were isolated from BSR and USR infected oil palms. The isolates were identified using a multiplex PCR, and its genetic heterogeneity was determined using a somatic compatibility test. It was found that BSR and USR coexisted in the plantations, and USR emerged as one of the major diseases. The diseases were associated with similar pathogens, namely G. zonatum (71.7%), followed by G. boninense (26.1%), and G. miniatocinctum (2.2%). Somatic compatibility test indicated that all the isolates were genetically heterogeneous. These results show that G. zonatum and the transmission of the diseases through basidiospores play a vital role in the epidemiology of the diseases. Thus, USR should not be overlooked, and more emphasis should be given to G. zonatum and its mode of transmission for more effective disease management.