The Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolates from Parts of the Body to Antibacterial Agents at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (U.B.T.H), Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria (original) (raw)
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… of Microbiology and …, 2009
Because antimicrobial resistance patterns are continually evolving and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms undergo progressive antimicrobial resistance, continuously updated data on antimicrobial susceptibility profiles will continue to be essential to ensure the provision of safe and effective empiric therapies. This current study reports on the assessment of antibiotics susceptibility profiles of some selected clinical isolates from laboratories in Nigeria. Thirteen antibiotics were bought from different pharmacy shops in Calabar metropolis and their susceptibility profiles were evaluated against some clinical isolates obtained from Microbiology Section These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The species level identification was then carried out by standard biochemical test and by comparing their characteristics with those of known taxa. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion by using Muller Hinton Agar (CM337-Oxoid). The results were expressed as susceptible/resistant according to criteria developed by NCCLS. S. aureus was susceptible to 09 (75.0%) and resistant to 3 (25.0%) of 12 antibiotics used. Str. pyogenes was susceptible to 8 (66.7%) antibiotics and resistant to 4 (33.3%). Of 11 antibiotics tested against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, E. coli was susceptible to 10 (90.9%) and resistant to 1 (09.1%). P. aeruginosa was susceptible to 9 (81.8%) and resistant to 2 (18.2%). Of 13 antibiotics tested against K. pnenmoniae, it was susceptible to 10(83.3%) and resistant to 2(16.7%). Resistance to chloramphenicol was common to all isolates except K. pneumoniae. Erythromycin-resistance was common to Str. pyogenes. Also, rifampicin-resistance was common to S. aureus. Resistance to gentamicin and tetracycline was only common to Str. pyogenes while penicillin-resistance was common to S. aureus only. Though, some multi-drug resistant organisms were reported in this study, some organisms were highly susceptible to most of the test antibiotics. There are several limitations of this work. Nevertheless, the results can serve to direct any national effort aimed toward reducing the antimicrobial resistance problems of local hospitals. The reasons for the differences in antimicrobial drug-resistant patterns might be related to infection control practices or to timing of the introduction of resistant organisms. However, more research is needed to clarify these differences. We believe that our findings represent the endemic multi-drug resistant situation in our hospitals in Nigeria.
Journal of clinical case reports, 2018
The rising cases of multi-drug resistant bacteria have received considerable attention from patients and clinicians as a result of difficulties encountered during treatment. This has posed great challenges to pharmaceutical practitioners for continued search for effective antibiotics. The present study aimed at investigating antibiotic susceptibility profile of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infected wound in two selected privately owned healthcare centers in Gboko town. A total of thirty (30) wound samples, fifteen (15) from each of the hospital were collected using swab sticks and analyzed and the isolates tested for MDR using disc diffusion method. The result showed that the wounds were infected with Escherichia coli (46.7%), Salmonella spp (40%) and Pseudomonas spp (13.3%). The three isolates displayed varying degrees of resistance to antibiotics. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to streptomycin (92.8%), Augmentin (92.8%), Septrin (78%), Gentamycin (78.5%), Amoxacillin (71.4%) and Chloramphenicol (71.4%) and least resistance was observed with Pefloxacin (50%), Tarivid (50%), Sparfloxacin (57%), Ciprofloxacin (50%) antibiotics. Salmonella spp showed the highest resistance to Septrin (100%), Augmentin (91%), Streptomycin (91%), Amoxacillin (83.3%), Chloramphenicol (83.3%), Tarivid (83.3%) and least resistance to Sparfloxacin (33.3%), Ciprofloxacin (41.6%) and Pefloxacin (41.6%) antibiotics. Pseudomonas spp showed (100%) resistance to Gentamycin, Augmentin, Amoxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Septrin and Streptomycin, though the resistance was observed to be slightly minimal to Pefloxacin (75%), as well as Tarivid and Chloramphenicol. Antibiotic susceptibility test is recommended prior to administration of antibiotics for effective treatment and periodic monitoring is also advocated to check emerging MDR trends as a guide to health authorities.
2019
Tube cystostomy is a surgical method used for managing obstructive urolithiasis and involves placement of a Foley catheter into the urinary bladder. We identified and evaluated the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from indwelling Foley catheters following tube cystostomy in goats with obstructive urolithiasis. Urine samples collected over a 10-y period from catheter tips at the time of removal were submitted for bacteriologic culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Resistance patterns to antibiotics, trends in the resistance patterns over the study period, and the probability of a bacterial isolate being resistant as a function of the identity of the isolate and antibiotic tested were determined. A total of 103 urine samples from 103 male goats with obstructive urolithiasis managed surgically with tube cystostomy were included in the study. Aerococcus (36.9%) and Enterococcus (30.1%) were isolated most frequently. The susceptibility patterns of all bacteria isolated did not change over the study period (p > 0.05). Proportions of isolates resistant to 1, 2, and ≥3 antibiotics were 36.9%, 18.5%, and 23.3%, respectively. Thus, 41.8% of bacterial isolates were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics tested. The probability of Aerococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to be resistant to ampicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, penicillin, or tetracycline ranged from 0.59 to 0.76.
PLOS ONE
Periodic monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in clinical settings is vital to ascertain the potency as well as re-establishing empirical therapy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from routine laboratory specimens at Ndola Teaching Hospital. A retrospective study was conducted on routine specimens received between May 2016 and July 2018. Specimens were cultured on standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute's recommendations. A total of 693 specimens were analyzed, of which 65.9% (457) specimens came from inpatient departments and 49.1% (340) came from female patients. The commonest specimens were urine (58.6%), blood (12.7%) and wound swabs (8.5%), and the most common microorganisms were coliform (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.4%), coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS, 13.4%), and Escherichia coli (13%). The highest percentage of resistance to any particular antibiotic was co-trimoxazole (91.7%, 33) followed by nalidixic acid (75.2%, 279), norfloxacin (69.0%, 100), ceftazidime (55.7%, 185), nitrofurantoin (46.6%, 191), chloramphenicol (43%, 111) and ciprofloxacin (8.6%, 271). Furthermore, patient location had resistance effect on coliform (p = 0.014), CoNS (p = 0.031), Streptococcus species (p = 0.024) and Klebsiella species (p = 0.004) to nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Besides coliform, resistance of Enterobacter species to ceftazidime and Proteus species to nalidixic acid were more from female patients. Generally, the most effective antibiotics were chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin with addition of ceftazidime on blood pathogens and ciprofloxacin on wound swab pathogens. The common isolates were coliform, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. The resistance of most bacteria to ceftazidime and nitrofurantoin were influenced by both gender and location. Our study presents a broad overview of the resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. However, more nosocomial prevalence and antibiogram
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2011
The aim is to assess pathogenic bacteria from infectious swab sites and determine variation in their susceptibility and resistance to commonly utilized antibacterial agents as well as their multi-drug resistance patterns. 385 pathogenic bacteria from clinical swab specimens of ear, wounds, abscesses, eye discharges, diabetic foot ulcers, urethra and high vaginal swabs were isolated through agar culture and investigated for susceptibilities status. Staphylococcus aureus isolates accounted for 50.6%. Pathogens like Escherichia coli (17.4%), Klebsiella spp (11.4%), Pseudomonas spp (9.9%), Proteus spp (9.4%) and Alpha-haemolytic streptococci (1.3%) were similarly isolated. Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp and E. coli showed total resistance to nalidixic acid but Staphylococcus aureus recorded partial resistance with all antibacterial agents. The activities of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas spp was better than other fluoroquinolones such that significant difference exists (P<0.05) when compared with pefloxacin. The activities of gentamicin against Klebsiella spp appeared not superior to streptomycin. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin showed uniform activities against Proteus spp, which showed partial resistance to all agents except sparfloxacin. Multi-drugs resistances are high with all organisms. Many pathogens cause infections in swab sites. The knowledge of causative organisms and their sensitivities are important since multi-drug-resistant organisms are widespread, thus making empirical choice difficult.
Urmia Medical Journal, 2013
Background & Aims: The presence of resistant bacteria in different parts of hospitals and the problems these persistent bacteria cause in treating the patients urge the necessity of identification and precise knowledge about these bacteria and their sensitivity pattern and resistance against antibiotics. This investigation was conducted in order to determine the sensitivity pattern and resistance against antibiotics in isolated microorganisms from hospitalized patients. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive sectional investigation which was conducted from January 2009 to January 2011 in Taleghani Hospital in Urmia City and the cultured samples of patients from different parts of the hospital including urine, blood, phlegm, ulcer, discharge, etc. sent to the laboratory were investigated. In order to determine antibiogram disk agar diffusion (DAD) method was used, positive cultures were extracted and their results regarding the type of bacteria and antibiogram results were recorded in the experiment paper. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS-20 software. Results: From all cultured samples in two years, 964 samples were reported and 640 samples were from hospitalized patients from different parts of the hospital from which 48.4% of the samples were from the male patients and 51.6% from the female patients; and age average of the patients was 60 years and the age range of the patients was from 12 to 99. The highest sensitivity among all samples belonged to vancomycin (more than 90%). and the highest resistance belonged to cephalexin, erythromycin and cefixime (more than 70%). The most common bacterium and the most sensitive antibiotic (with ignoring vancomycin) were as follows, in urine samples: E.Coli 57.9%, nitrofurantoine-blood: negative staph coagulase 33.5%, rifampin-discharge: staph.aureus 38.6%,imipenem-ulcer: staph.aureus 38.6%, nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole-sputum : acintobacter 45.5%, rifampin. Conclusion: The results of this research shows extensive increase in the resistance of the bacteria compared to common antibiotics the reason of which may be irregular consumption and prescription of antibiotics, so it is advised that more care shall be used in choosing antibiotics for the treatment and its prescription. Also, precise determination of antibiotic sensitivity pattern needs more extensive investigation with more samples in different treatment centers.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
Objective: Many human illnesses are bacterial in origin which can be treated with appropriate antibiotics and selection of these is mostly based on culture and sensitivity. The problem of antimicrobial resistance has burgeoned throughout the world both in inpatients and outpatients. We must work together to preserve the power of antimicrobials so as to use these effectively in treating diseases. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of infection and sensitivity pattern among bacterial pathogens in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in Vinayaka Missions Medical College and Hospital, Karaikal, Puducherry (U. T) to study the culture and sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates from blood, urine, sputum, wound, ear/throat swab for one year (June 2012-June 2013). The positive cultures and their antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed under the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The lab data from Microbiology department were utilized and filled in a proforma and analyzed. Results: Out of 788 samples, 296 were culture positive. Isolated bacteria were mostly Gram negative organisms (GNO) of which Klebsiella (41.55%) was commonly followed by Pseudomonas (15.20%), Escherichia coli(4.05%) and Proteus (3.71%). Among Gram positive organisms (GPO) Staphylococcus (35.47%) was common. Imipenem (100%), Gentamycin (90.20%), Amikacin (89.14%), were the antimicrobials most sensitive for GNO, while Ceftriaxone (100%), Cefotaxime(100%),Nitrofurantoin(96.15%) and Linezolid(92.13%) were most sensitive for GPO. Widespread resistance to Nalidixic acid (99%),Ampicillin (85.90%), Cefuroxime (75%) is seen in both groups, while Cefazolin(79.25%) and Norfloxacin(83%) was noted for GNO, resistance to Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (81.66%) and Imipenem(55.55%) was noted for GPO. Conclusion: The technical abilities to detect novel, resistant mechanisms and to overcome the microbial resistance has to be improved. Antibiotic policies agreed among clinicians, microbiologists and pharmacologists will guide good prescribing, provide maximum coverage for treating infections and ensure antibiotic cycling.
https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR\_Vol.11\_Issue.5\_May2021/IJHSR-Abstract.06.html, 2021
Background: The ever-increasing magnitude of antimicrobial resistance encountered in human pathogens has led to limited treatment options for bacterial infections, consequently reducing antimicrobial efficacy while increasing treatment costs, morbidity, and mortality. In clinical setup, laboratory-based in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing is the cornerstone for guiding therapy and enables the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance trends. Aim: To characterize the distribution of bacteria isolated from various specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles in Mary Begg Health facilities. Material & Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive study that involved the review of 569 laboratory files from three Mary Begg Health facilities from the period of January 2019 to June 2020. A systematic random sampling method was used and SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. Results: The distribution of bacteria based on Gram stain reaction found that most bacteria that were isolated were Gram negative bacilli, 79.5% (171/215). The most common bacterium isolated was Escherichia coli, 46.5% (100/215) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 12.1% (26/215) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 17 7.9% (17/215). The study found that E. coli was highly resistant to amoxicillin (95.0%), Ampicillin (90.0%) and Cotrimoxazole (77.0%), respectively. In contrast, E. coli was highly sensitive to Amikacin (96.0%), Ertapenem (91.0%) and Ceftriaxone (80.0%) S. aureus species isolated were sensitive to Gentamicin (65.4%) and Clindamycin (46.2%) but highly resistant to Cotrimoxazole (80.8%). Conclusion: The most frequent isolates were Escherichia coli followed by Staphylococcus aureus and majority of them were from urine specimens.
Antibiotics susceptibility profiles of bacteria from clinical samples in Calabar, Nigeria
Journal of …, 2009
The current discourse on infectious disease and drug resistance as it affects sub-Saharan Africa is limited to the pressing problems associated with HIV, TB, malaria and other emerging-and re-emerging resistant organisms. Available therapeutic options for antibiotic-resistant organisms are severely limited, as these organisms frequently display a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. This study reports on the antibiotics susceptibility profiles of bacteria from clinical samples in Calabar, Nigeria. This study was carried out using standard agar diffusion technique (sensitivity testing). Thirteen different antibiotics were tested against Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. In this study, zones of inhibitions (in mm) of the antibiotics on the test microorganisms were determined and interpreted using standard interpretative chart. The antibiogram revealed that all isolates that were susceptible to ampiclox and ciprofolxacin and a good percentage to amoxicillin, however, all gram negative isolates were resistant to vancomycin. S. aureus, S. typhi and P. mirabilis were resistant to penicillin. S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol and other recommended antibiotics. The percentage resistance of E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and P. mirabilis was 30.8, 30.8, 69.2 and 76.9% respectively. The high susceptibility to ampiclox, amoxicillin, and ciprofolxacin is a welcome relief, since it is an indication of effectiveness of the antibiotic against the bacteria. However, high rates of drug resistance (3-10 antibiotics) were found in most of the isolates studied and this could be attributed to their prevailing usage and abuse in the area under study. These results suggest that multi-drug resistance among clinical pathogens is common and significant in Nigeria and call for nationwide surveillance programme to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Nigeria.
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2020
Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat. Bangladesh is accelerated to this owing to its sub-standards healthcare along with the self-medication and overuse of antibiotics. The study aimed to assess patterns of antibacterial resistance in the clinical samples. The study was carried out at Ibn Sina Diagnostic and Consultation Center Uttara, Dhaka, from January to December 2019. All cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility test results of patients were extracted from laboratory records, using a semi-structured checklist. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 20.0. To ensure confidentiality coding was used instead of the patient's identity. A total of 925 culture-positive results were analyzed, of which blood 620(65.0%) and urine 297(32.1%) samples were commonly diagnosed. The most frequently isolated bacterial were Salmonella spp. [601(65%)], Escherichia coli [244(26.4%)] and Klebsiella spp. [57(6.16%)]. The majority of the patients were females [540(58.4%)]. E. coli was found to be highly sensitive (>80%) to nitrofurantoin, meropenem, amikacin, amoxiclav, and imipenem; simultaneously, resistant (>45%) to cefixime, cephalexin, piperacillin, aztreonam, ampicillin, cefuroxime, and ciprofloxacin. S. typhi and S. paratyphi were sensitive (>80%) for cefepime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, tetracycline, cefixime, ceftazidime, cephalexin, cotrimoxazole, aztreonam, cefuroxime, and amoxiclav; concurrently, above 80% resistance for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamycin, and ampicillin. Overall, most of the isolates showed a significant rising rate of microbial resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, piperacillin, cephalexin, gentamycin, and ampicillin. The study findings revealed gradually rising rates of antibiotic resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. The study suggested the prescribers should be avoided overuse and irrational use of drugs to reduce antimicrobial resistance.