Silver nanoparticles in complex biological media: assessment of colloidal stability and protein corona formation (original) (raw)
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Silver nanoparticle protein corona and toxicity: a mini-review
Silver nanoparticles are one of the most important materials in the nanotechnology industry. Additionally, the protein corona is emerging as a key entity at the nanobiointerface; thus, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between proteins and silver nanoparticles is imperative. Therefore, literature reporting studies involving both single molecule protein coronas (i.e., bovine and human serum albumin, tubulin, ubiquitin and hyaluronic-binding protein) and complex protein coronas (i.e., fetal bovine serum and yeast extract proteins) were selected to demonstrate the effects of protein coronas on silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. There is evidence that distinct and differential protein components may yield a " protein corona signature " that is related to the size and/or surface curvature of the silver nanoparticles. Therefore, the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas together with the biological response to these coronas (i.e., oxidative stress, inflammation and cytotoxicity) as well as other cellular biophysicochemical mechanisms (i.e., endocytosis, biotransformation and biodistribution) will be important for nano-medicine and nanotoxicology. Researchers may benefit from the information contained herein to improve biotechnological applications of silver nanoparticles and to address related safety concerns. In summary, the main aim of this mini-review is to highlight the relationship between the formation of silver nanoparticle protein coronas and toxicity.
Toxicity and Molecular Mechanisms of Actions of Silver Nanoparticles
Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2023
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained popularity due to their antibacterial properties, and are therefore widely used in several applications such as wound dressings, food packaging, and water purification. However, the toxicity of AgNPs to humans and the environment is a growing concern. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the toxicity and molecular mechanisms of action of AgNPs. The toxicity of AgNPs can be attributed to their small size, which allows them to enter cells and interact with cellular components. Reports suggest that AgNPs can induce cell death, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in various cell types. The toxic effects of AgNPs differ based on their size, shape, surface charge, and coating. The molecular mechanisms behind the toxicity of AgNPs involve the production of reactive oxygen species, disruption of cellular membranes, and activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the toxicity of AgNPs is dependent on various factors, and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind their toxicity. This review highlights the need for proper risk assessments and regulations to minimize the adverse effects of AgNPs on human health and the environment.
Nanomedicine, 2011
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in consumer products as antibacterial agents. The increased use of Ag NP-enhanced products may lead to an increase in toxic levels of environmental silver, but regulatory control over the use or disposal of such products is lagging due to insufficient assessment on the toxicology of Ag NPs and their rate of release into the environment. In this article we discuss recent research on the transport, activity and fate of Ag NPs at the cellular and organismic level, in conjunction with traditional and recently established methods of nanoparticle characterization. We include several proposed mechanisms of cytotoxicity based on such studies, as well as new opportunities for investigating the uptake and fate of Ag NPs in living systems.
Despite the widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in different fields and the amount of investigations available, to date, there are many contradictory results on their potential toxicity. In the present study, extensively characterized 20-nm AgNPs were investigated using optimized protocols and standardized methods to test several toxicological endpoints in different cell lines. The agglomeration/aggregation state of AgNPs in culture media was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). DNA and chromosomal damage on BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated
Current Nanoscience, 2020
Actually, many discussions on the potential risks of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been reported; however, unfortunately, very few considered the great differences between the nature of silver and sources of their syntheses. All data suggested that the effects on toxicity of AgNPs are related to the combination of the specific properties of AgNPs. In this context, this review presents and discusses the recent progress in the nanotoxicity of AgNPs, obtained by different biogenic synthetic protocols, in comparison with chemical synthetic methods, driving to the formation of nanoparticles with diverse structures, and size distributions. Biogenic syntheses of AgNPs using several biological sources and other chemical agents are presented and discussed. Toxicity in different animals is also presented and discussed. By considering the actual state of the art, it can be assumed that oral, intravenous and inhalation doses of AgNPs from 0.1 to 2 mg/Kg in mice and rats are considered a saf...
Archives of Toxicology, 2012
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are among the most commercialized nanoparticles worldwide. Often SNP are used because of their antibacterial properties. Besides that they possess unique optic and catalytic features, making them highly interesting for the creation of novel and advanced functional materials. Despite its widespread use only little data exist in terms of possible adverse effects of SNP on human health. Conventional synthesis routes usually yield products of varying quality and property. It thus may become puzzling to compare biological data from different studies due to the great variety in sizes, coatings or shapes of the particles applied. Here, we applied a novel synthesis approach to obtain SNP of well-defined colloidal and structural properties. Being stabilized by a covalently linked small peptide, these particles are nicely homogenous, with narrow size distribution, and form monodisperse suspensions in aqueous solutions. We applied these peptide-coated SNP in two different sizes of 20 or 40 nm (Ag20Pep and Ag40Pep) and analyzed responses of THP-1-derived human macrophages while being exposed against these particles. Gold nanoparticles of similar size and coating (Au20Pep) were used for comparison. The cytotoxicity of particles was assessed by WST-1 and LDH assays, and the uptake into the cells was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. In summary, our data demonstrate that this novel type of SNP is well suited to serve as model system for nanoparticles to be tested in toxicological studies in vitro.
Silver nanoparticles: Biomedical applications, toxicity, and safety issues
Elemental or metallic silver (Ag) is a very malleable and ductile transition metal that is white metallic luster appearance. Nanoparticles are fine particles that have size nano-meter in range, that have dimension less than 100 nm (1nm-100nm). As their nano sized they have special physiochemical properties. Silver nano-particles (AgNPs) are one of most widely used nano-material that are used in personal care products, dressings as treatments for external wounds, ointments, and surgical instruments because of their effective antibacterial activity. AgNPs have broad spectrum antibacterial action that acts on both gram-negative and grampositive bacteria both, including antibiotic-resistant strains. AgNPs (diameter 5-20 nm, average diameter ~10 nm) also exhibit the antiviral property against HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and monkey pox virus. AgNPs as well as nano silver-derived solution and their product have showed the potent anti-inflammatory properties. As the consumption of nano-silver products are increasing, the chances of adverse effect on human health and environment are increasing. Generally AgNPs are less toxic than silver ion, but here are several in vitro in vivo studies shown that on exposure of AgNPs leads to cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and genotoxicity to vertebrates. AgNPs causes blood diseases and colon cancer when it has been found in the blood and colon of patients respectively. kim et al 2008. Reported than 28 oral exposures of AgNPs at 30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg in sprague dawley rats show dose dependent distribution of AgNPs in various organs and gender specific two fold more accumulation in female kidneys in comparison to male kidney. Usually the in vivo studies, in vitro studies with AgNPs showed that shown genotoxic effects, induction of DNA strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromosomal aberrationsat low non-cytotoxic doses in different types of human and mammalian cells.
Assessment of Nano-toxicity and Safety Profiles of Silver Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications, 2018
Nanotoxicology, which is related with toxic potentials of nanoparticles (NPs) and their adverse effects on living organisms and environment, is a sub-branch of toxicology discipline. Nano-toxicity of NPs depends on their doses, unique chemical, and physical properties. Nowadays, silver (Ag) NPs are used in many consumer and scientific applications such as antimicrobial and pharmaceutical applications, water purification systems, textile industry, and food packaging processes. However, the information that about their nano-toxic potentials is still not complete, and it is considered that several parameters of Ag NPs such as size, shape, surface, and stability affect the toxic potential in different ways. Nano-toxic potentials of Ag NPs were mentioned as in vivo, in vitro, and in silico the studies. In this chapter, it was evaluated the common unique properties of NPs are related with nanotoxicology such as size, surface area and modifications, shape, agglomeration status, and dose.
Environmental and Human Health Issues of Silver Nanoparticles Applications
2011
The significant growth in applications of silver nanoparticles across various branches of industry as well as in consumer products has caused concerns that nanosilver may have a toxic effect on the environment and human health and may have implications for eco-terorism. This paper presents research on antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. We studied the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles via an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromid) assay that measures cell activity through the mitochondrial cleavage of a molecule that exhibits a change of colour that can be measured spectrophotometrically. NIH-3T3 (Swiss mouse embryo), HEP-G2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), A-549 (human lung carcinoma), PC-12 (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma), and Colo-320 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cells were chosen in order to study different possible absorption paths of nanoparticles into the organism and various areas of particle accumulation in the body. The obtained MTT test results have shown that silver nanoparticles with concentrations of ~1-10 ppm entering the body from air or liquid suspensions can present a potential risk to human health.