Viruses in water (original) (raw)
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On the Other Side of Viruses in the Background of Water Disinfection
Open Access Library Journal, 2020
At COVID-19 time, as surface water and urban wastewater will constantly carry microbial pathogens, pathogens should be eliminated at least to degrees that do not have an effect on public health. Among the pathogen groups observed in water, viruses constitute the biggest danger since they frequently appear in much bigger levels and possess much greater infectivity than bacteria and parasitic protozoa. This work highlights the viruses especially in terms of composition and behavior in ecosystems and discusses the main disinfec-tion techniques, especially thermal demobilization, chlorination and ozona-tion, and their involved mechanisms. Precise estimates of viral demobilization and log removal throughout water treatment techniques stay crucial for evaluating danger to human health, developing regulations, and informing engineering design of full-scale treatment plants. Practical demobilization details developed at bench-scale for human pathogens like norovirus and COVID-19 will be vital. The more we study the composition of viruses and their fate in ecosystems, and the more we try the techniques for their disposal in water treatment plants, the more we realize that it is difficult to get rid of them using a single treatment method. Employing advanced water treatment trains (such as coagulation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation) was proposed to guarantee removals of viruses to differing degrees of regulatory control following the degrees of human subjection and related health hazards.
Water Treatment Challenges towards Viruses Removal
Open Access Library Journal, 2020
In spite of the considerable development registered in microbiology, humankind remains incapable to dominate scientifically and technologically the large microbial world. This is well established and illustrated, unfortunately, in the present Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This work aims to contribute to highlighting the world of pathogenic microorganisms, especially viruses, and their removal from potable water. Identical to the manner by which chemical contaminants are handled in the environment, the particular properties that control transport and demobilization of enveloped viruses in solutions, on surfaces, and in the air must be understood. Besides, the fashion by which ecological parameters form likely virus transmission and mutation mechanisms should be comprehended. Since water treatment constitutes a secure barrier against drinking water infection, the main stages in the water treatment plant dealing with pathogens removal such as disinfection have to be enhanced with more efficient techniques such as advanced oxidations processes. In the field of eliminating pathogens, some research trends are suggested especially those founded on thermal destruction and solar irradiation due to their high performance and low costs.
Virus Recovery From Natural Water
Journal American Water Works Association, 1977
The state of the art of virus recovery from water is reviewed and illustrated with an actual example that posed several difficulties.
The viral contamination of water for human consumption is a common cause of diseases outbreaks, therefore, a matter of great relevance for public health, especially in developing countries. In most countries, legislation recommends the study of coliforms to indicate the potability of water, however, this is not correlated with the presence of virus. The present review sought to characterize the epidemiological importance of waterborne viral diseases and the limitations of laboratorial detection and elimination of these pathogens. Besides, the state of art of virus as a tool to assess the quality of the water, as well as, the use of a single virus as the indicator of environmental contamination by virus itself are presented. Reports have demonstrated that some viruses are resistant to conventional water treatment process. Changes in water treatment policy should be achieved, and, should involve viral detection and resistance to physical and chemical agents, amongst other methods. How...
A simple method for the concentration of viruses from natural water samples* 1
Journal of microbiological methods, 1995
A double filtration method for the concentration of viruses from water was developed. The procedure involves prefiltering a water sample through 0.22 pm and 0.1 pm filters, concentrating viruses in the 0.1 pm filtrate using a 10,000 molecular weight cut-off (mwco) filter. In tests utilizing bacteriophage host systems (PHS) isolated from the Chesapeake Bay, this method was shown to have an average recovery efficiency of 76.5% for viable bacteriophage. It was also possible to recover 100% of the virus-like particles observed in natural water samples. The recovery of bacteriophages and virus-like particles using our method compared well with other reported virus concentration methods employing adsorption/elution and ultrafiltration. Furthermore, the procedure is inexpensive and well suited to field applications.
Intervirology, 2018
Water, a frequent vehicle for the transmission of viruses, may permit their survival, but many environmental factors will have an adverse effect on the viral population. Risk evaluation requires identification of these factors and assessment of the inactivation rate of infectious viruses. A higher temperature means a faster reduction of the viral population, as do increased sunlight, higher antimicrobial concentration, or higher oxygen levels. Another documented impact is linked to the presence of indigenous microbial populations: virus survival is higher in sterile water. Environmental factors inactivate viruses through direct or indirect action on one part of the viral structure: genome, capsid, or envelope if present. Viral populations also have resistance mechanisms, generally involving physical shielding from adverse effects; such protective behaviors include aggregation, adhesion, or internalization inside living structures. Because of these phenomena, inactivation kinetics ma...
Waterborne Viral Pathogens: Detection, Control and Monitoring of Water Quality for Human Consumption
VIRUS Reviews & Research, 2013
The viral contamination of water for human consumption is a common cause of diseases outbreaks, therefore, a matter of great relevance for public health, especially in developing countries. In most countries, legislation recommends the study of coliforms to indicate the potability of water, however, this is not correlated with the presence of virus. The present review sought to characterize the epidemiological importance of waterborne viral diseases and the limitations of laboratorial detection and elimination of these pathogens. Besides, the state of art of virus as a tool to assess the quality of the water, as well as, the use of a single virus as the indicator of environmental contamination by virus itself are presented. Reports have demonstrated that some viruses are resistant to conventional water treatment process. Changes in water treatment policy should be achieved, and, should involve viral detection and resistance to physical and chemical agents, amongst other methods. However, we have to bear in mind that the decrease of waterborne infectious diseases is greatly dependent upon the improvement of sanitation, water treatment, together with preventive measures. All those measures together could ensure appropriate conditions for the promotion of human health and the reduction of environmental impacts.
Virus removal from water by a portable water treatment device
Wilderness & environmental medicine, 2008
Few portable point-of-use (POU) devices are available for treatment of water by recreational enthusiasts who may obtain water from untreated sources (rivers, lakes, etc.). This study evaluated a POU device containing a structure matrix capable of removing viruses from water without the use of a disinfectant. The unit was evaluated for the removal of poliovirus type 1, rotavirus SA-11, human norovirus, and a wide range of different coliphages exhibiting different isoelectric points, sizes, and shapes. The removal of all virus types tested exceeded 99.99%. The tested unit complied with the criteria guidelines for virus removal under the US Environmental Protection Agency's "Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing of Microbiological Water Purifiers."
Emerging and potentially emerging viruses in water environments
Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità , 2012
Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.