5G-Enabled E-Textiles Based on a Low-Profile Millimeter-Wave Textile Antenna (original) (raw)
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Millimeter-Wave Textile Antenna for on-Body RF Energy Harvesting in Future 5G Networks
2019 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2019
Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) bands will be a key part of future 5G networks, with the 26 and 28 GHz bands being introduced first. The wide bandwidth aims to solve traffic-related issues. The projected high base-station density, highly directive transmitters, and the wide bandwidth make it a very promising RF energy harvesting (RFEH) source. Broadband antennas are necessary to harvest power efficiently from the full spectrum. This work presents the first antenna on textile for wearable ambient RFEH in the 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands. The antenna has an impedance bandwidth from 20 to 30 GHz, and exhibits a peak on-body gain of 7 dB with an omnidirectional radiation pattern for capturing ambient RF energy. The radiation efficiency on-and off-body was observed to be at least 40% and 60% respectively, between 24 and 30 GHz. A two-line microstrip dielectric characterization of the textile substrate in the mmWave band has been performed. The antenna has been fabricated on a 310 μm woven polyester substrate using etched ultra-thin Polyimide copper laminates with a minimum feature size of 150μm. A high robustness against human proximity has been demonstrated with a stable bandwidth and improved gain.
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Wearable computing describes the future electronic systems as an integral part of our everyday and of our wardrobe. A wearable antenna is meant to be part of the clothing, transforming it in an interface for communication purposes, which includes tracking and navigation, mobile computing and public safety. Wearable antennas make less-obtrusive the integration of electronics devices. Specific requirements for wearable antennas are a planar structure and flexible construction materials. Several properties of the materials influence the behavior of the antenna. This paper presents a study about the characteristics of textile materials for the development of wearable antennas and the simulation of a textile antenna for energy harvesting in the frequency range around 2.4 GHz.
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Design for wearable micro strip antennas which operate at frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz which falls under the sub-6 GHz spectrum and mm Wave spectrum of the 5G frequency bands respectively, has been proposed in this article. The antennas are mounted on a polycarbonate substrate of dielectric constant 2.57, thickness 0.5 mm and dielectric loss tangent of 0.0069. Antenna 1 resonates at a frequency of 3.466 GHz and its operating bandwidth ranges from 3.445 to 3.487 GHz (1.2%) with a peak gain value of 8.018 dBi and Antenna 2 resonates at a frequency of 28.36 GHz with its operating bandwidth ranging from 27.604 to 29.094 GHz (5.2%) and attains a peak gain value of 8.886 dBi. Within the operating bandwidth ranges of both the antennas the gain is almost constant and hence the proposed design can be used in various sectors such as healthcare, sports military etc.
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In recent years, the emergence of wearable intelligent textile systems exhibited the need for wireless communication tools to provide stand alone suits. Eventually the availability of new electrotextiles enables manufacturing these antennas out of textile material, making them fully integratable in smart clothing. This research exploits the potential of textile materials for use in this new antenna technology. The design focuses on antennas for wireless body LANs (Local Area Networks) operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Therefore the electromagnetic behavior of textile materials in this high frequency domain is required. Furthermore the flexibility of textile materials is advanageous for fashion designers but a real challenge for antenna designers! Robust planar textile antennas will be proposed of which field simulations are compared with reflection and transmission measurements of the prototypes.
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Compact Wearable Antenna for Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) Fifth Generation
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The need for networking, communication, and data sharing capabilities among users of wearable terminal devices has increased, and this has made the new wearable antenna one of the most active research areas. This work presents a wearable antenna for 5G applications based on a microstrip patch antenna operating at 28GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave). The operating frequency of 28GHz is expected to be appropriate for 5G mm-wave wearable antenna design. The design is made of the semi-flexible Rogers Duroid RO3003 substrate, which has a thickness of 0.75mm, a loss tangent of 0.001 and a relative permittivity of 3. CST Microwave Studio software is used to analyze and evaluate the proposed antenna's performance to other existing designs in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and point SAR value.
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This paper presents the design and practical implementation of a wideband spring textile (WST) antenna for wearable communications. The antenna is designed on a felt substrate having a compact dimension of 32 × 42 × 3 mm 3 (0.38λ g × 0.5λ g × 0.036λ g). This antenna operates in the 3.14 to 5.45 GHz frequency range, has a bandwidth (BW) of around 2306 MHz, and has a peak realized gain of 6 dBi at 3.5 GHz. Due to a broad frequency coverage, this antenna can be used in a wide range of wireless applications, including 5G and IoT. The proposed design is analyzed in terms of reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, efficiency, gain, and surface current. Using the same electromagnetic simulation software, both characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and the method of moments (MoM) are applied in the design process. The simulated results on a human chest phantom demonstrate the −10-dB impedance bandwidths of 1461 MHz. The antenna prototype is fabricated for verification, and the simulated and measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna is suitable for wideband on-body applications given its low-profile implementation and mechanical flexibility.
Design of a Tri-Band Wearable Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications
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A printed monopole antenna for millimeter-wave applications in the 5G frequency region is described in this research. As a result, the proposed antenna resonates in three frequency bands that are designated for 5G communication systems, including 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz (V band). For the sake of compactness, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) method is used. The overall size of the proposed tri-band antenna is 4 mm × 3 mm × 0.25 mm. Using a watch strap and human tissue, such as skin, the proposed antenna gives steady results. At 28 GHz, 38 GHz, and 60 GHz, the antenna’s gain is found to be 5.29 dB, 7.47 dB, and 9 dB, respectively. The overall simulated radiation efficiency is found to be 85% over the watch strap. Wearable devices are a great fit for the proposed tri-band antenna. The antenna prototype was built and tested in order to verify its performance. It can be observed that the simulated and measured results are in close contact. According to our comparative research, the propos...
Textile Antennas for Wearable Radio Frequency Applications
We present a novel class of embroidered textile radio frequency (RF) circuit and antennas based on electrically conductive metal-polymer fibers (E-fibers) to realize wearable RF electronics woven on daily garments. The E-fibers are composed of high strength and flexible polymer core covered with a metallic coating. These E-fibers exhibit very low electrical loss and excellent mechanical conformalty and flexibility. Computerized embroidery machinery and double layer stitching were employed to achieve high conductivity and precise fabrication of the e-fiber textiles onto regular clothing. Using this process, prototypes of textile antenna prototypes were fabricated and tested. Their RF characteristics were measured in off-body (freestanding) and on-body configurations. The obtained measurement data demonstrated that the textile antennas exhibited excellent RF performances comparable to conventional copper antennas. This is in addition to their excellent mechanical flexibility. Importantly, the textile antennas can be inconspicuously woven onto clothing, without affecting comfort, fashionality, and washability. Those novel textile antennas provided solutions to future RF functionalized and fashionable garments for wearable high data rate wireless communications and for wireless health monitoring.