Endocrine disrupting Bisphenol A detection in different water samples in Iraq (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015
Objectives: Bisphenol A (BP-A) is an essential component of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, phthalates and polycarbonate plastics linked by ester bonds, and it can leach out of plastics at high temperature, acid and basic medium. BP-A is known to have an endocrine disrupting effect and recent studies have started to link its levels as causative factors in many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and other endocrine diseases. Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries in the world, and measurements of BP-A levels due to leakage from plastics have never been reported from this Middle-Eastern country. This study measures the levels of BP-A in four randomly selected plastic toys and two plastic water bottles from two different companies after storage at 45 °C for four days. Methods: An ultra-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (UPLC-UV) analytical method was established to investigate BP-A levels in four of randomly chosen plastic toys (plastic tiger-plastic Lego blocks-plastic doll-small dolls) stored at 45 °C for 4 days. BP-A was extracted with 1 L of water and samples were analyzed by UPLC-UV. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the established analytical method were equal to 0.4 ppb and 1 ppb, respectively. The analytical method was able to measure accurately and precisely traces of BP-A in all randomly selected toys. BP-A levels was239 ppb in plastic tiger, 30 ppb in plastic Lego, 4 ppb in plastic doll, 3 ppb in small dolls and 59 ppb in drinking bottled water. Conclusion: The importance of BP-A level in plastics analysis raised due to its health concerns. Heat is a major factor for bisphenol leakage from plastics. However, Kuwait is considered one of the hottest countries, where high level leakage of BP-A from plastic toys and plastic water bottles for drinking water could pose significant health risks. Surprisingly, BP-A was detected in all randomly selected plastic toys and one out of two randomly selected polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drinking bottled water. Therefore, imported mineral water should be filled in a glass container rather than plastics due to high climate temperature. Moreover, Toys manufacturers should use BP-A free plastics or clearly specify storage conditions of their plastic products in order to prevent potential health risks resulting from BP-A leakage.
Determination of bisphenol a in baby bottles and drinking containers by high liquid chromatography
Acta Periodica Technologica, 2019
Bisphenol A is a monomer used primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic is used in a wide variety of digital media products, electrical and electronic equipment, sport safety equipment, reusable food and drink containers, etc. Epoxy resins are used in engineering applications, paints and adhesives and also in a variety of protective coatings in metal cans for foods, bottle tops and water supply pipes. The content of BPA was evaluated in 16 samples (6 baby bottles and 10 drinking containers - can) collected during 2018/2019, of which three baby bottles and 8 cans were collected in 2018, while three baby bottles and 2 cans in 2019. A simple HPLC-FLD analytical method was validated for the quantitation of BPA from baby feeding bottles and cans. The separation was performed on a C18 column. Good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0.3-6.0 ?g/mL with the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9998. The limit of detection (L...
Method Based on Solid Phase Extraction, LC and GC for Analysis of Bisphenol A in Drinking Water
2004
A new procedure is described to determine the bisphenol A (BPA) in drinking water that was in contact with polycarbonate (PC) plastic. To evaluate the amount of BPA migrating from the plastic into the water high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) were used. HPLC and GC enable detection of the BPA concentration as low as 0.2 μg dm−3 and 0.5 μg dm−3, respectively. Recovery of dissolved bisphenol A and other endocrine disruptors from water was also performed, locating recovery yield in the range of 82.1—93.3 % as determined by HPLC and 82.3—92.6 % by GC. The results confirmed that BPA is migrating from the PC package to the drinking water contained in it. BPA concentration in two samples of bottled drinking water of 0.49 μg dm−3 and 0.54 μg dm−3 was determined by HPLC, and 0.55 μg dm−3 and 0.61 μg dm−3 by GC analysis.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2012
To assess whether bisphenol A contamination occurred in seven brands of bottled drinking water in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction (using dichloromethane) was used to analytically extract bisphenol A from drinking water bottles and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was employed for its detection using a splitless capillary column and helium as the carrier gas. Results: The concentration of bisphenol A (BPA) was high in all the bottled water brands tested. The mean concentration of BPA of the bottled water stored indoors (4.03 ng/L) was significantly lower than that stored outdoors (7.5 ng/L). Conclusion: Our results show that significant amounts of BPA leached from bottle containers into the water. Long storage of bottled water under direct sunlight should be avoided to reduce the risk of human exposure to BPA.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have received widespread attention over the years due to their deleterious effects on human health. Bisphenol A (BPA) - a monomer used globally in producing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is a prototypic EDC that has received widespread attention due to its estrogenic activity. BPA has been detected in human serum, urine, amniotic fluid, placenta tissues, and umbilical cord blood. Its presence in the human population has been ascribed to consuming BPA-contaminated food due to its migration from polycarbonate plastics. However, little is known about the inimical health hazard of BPA migrating from polycarbonate bottles into food or drinks in Nigeria and how temperature and storage duration can influence its migration into any contact media. To address this problem, we scrutinized the effect of storage time and temperature on BPA migration from 3 selected polycarbonate water bottles and a brand of polycarbonate baby feeding bottles into ...
2015
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its structural analogues (BPF, BPS, BPP, BPZ, BADGE, BPAF, BPAP) are used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Most of them have proven endocrine disruptive effects in humans and in other life forms in very low concentrations. BPA is of particular interest as it is mass produced and released into the environment as a result of human activity and accumulates in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Recent studies have revealed the presence of BPA in fresh water resources which is not only a threat to the fresh water ecosystems but also to humans because the usual source of drinking water is from rivers and streams. Presence of bisphenols in the environment is crucial and use of analytical techniques for their chemical separation and subsequent analysis is necessary for efficient environmental monitoring of these compounds. This study used capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to develop sensit...
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment, 2008
Migration of the potential endocrine disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) from 31 polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles into aqueous food simulants was studied under real repetitive use, with a sensitive and fully validated liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection. Confirmation of the presence of BPA was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The effects of cleaning with dishwasher or with a brush, sterilization with boiling water and the temperature of migration were examined. It was shown that temperature was the crucial factor for the migration of BPA from the plastic bottles to water. All the samples released BPA in the concentration range of 2.4-14.3 µg kg-1 , when they were filled with boiled water and left at ambient temperature for 45 min. The decrease of BPA release in the sterilization water and in the food simulant over twelve cycles of use indicated that the hypothesis of polymer degradation in water is rather doubtful. The estimated infantile dietary exposure, regarding the use of PC baby bottles, ranged between 0.2 and 2.2 µg kg-1 bw d-1 , which is below the Tolerable Daily Intake of 50 µg kg-1 bw, recently established by EFSA.
Food Science and Technology
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a hazardous contaminant demonstrating endocrine disrupting properties, and assumed to be involved in the pathogenesis of various cancer diseases for instance prostate, lung and breast cancer. The objective of the present study was to estimate the BPA amounts in carbonated beverages from the Saudi Arabian market for the first time using an authenticated technique based on solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of thirty-four carbonated beverages of different flavors, origin and packaging materials were studied. The beverage production periods were from February 2018 to July 2018 containing volume (250-1000 mL), packaging materials were of canned, glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. BPA amounts in canned (0.64-11.41 µg/L), glass bottled (1.92-29.56 µg/L) and PET plastic bottled (0.37-21.83 µg/L) were obtained with recovery (97.64-99.96%). Relatively, glass bottled has offered higher amounts of BPA compared to PET plastic bottled and canned samples. The unforeseen presence of BPA especially in glass bottled emphasizes the ubiquity of such compound beside the food fabrication chain, far off to the food packaging materials. Thus, a further knowledge on BPA amounts in glass bottled samples, in addition to threat assessment studies, is essential to defend human health.
Bisphenol A is a synthetic chemical found in plastics and listed as an endocrine disruptor. BPA is a propensity to migrate into foods stored in materials containing it. In this study, the concentration of BPA was determined in nine different food products packaged with polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics. For each food product, four samples were bought from the local markets. Samples were extracted by liquid/liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. BPA concentrations were 4.28±1.79 µg/kg in yoghurt, 12.51±3.87µg/L in strawberry-flavoured drink, 13.33±5.75µg/kg in cheese,14.93±6.55µg/kg in margarine, 20.91±8.60µg/L in grape molasses,24.72±7.61µg/kg in sunflower oil, 33.48±17.4 µg/L in apple vinegar, 33.89±7.65 µg/kg in pasteurized milk and, 72.77± 20.6 µg/L in the bottled water sample. Only the water samples had more BPA than the European Commission limit for BPA in food. We concluded that BPA contamination is common in many market products.
Environmental Health Insights, 2014
The suspected endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with the manufacture, distribution, and use of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics; thus, studies of this compound have focused primarily on urban areas in developed countries. This small study investigating urinary BPA of 109 people was conducted in the urban United States, urban Jamaica, and rural Ghana. Additionally, local drinking and surface water samples were collected and analyzed from areas near study participants. Levels of BPA in both urine and water were comparable among all three sites. Thus, future studies of BPA should consider expanding investigations to rural areas not typically associated with the compound.