Design and Characterization of a New Food Packaging Material by Recycling Blends Virgin and Recovered polyethylene terephthalate (original) (raw)
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Environmental science and pollution research international, 2018
In the present study, the recycled post-consumption polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes were investigated as possible raw materials for the production of food packaging. After heating at 220 °C for 1 h, a steaming stage was conducted as a control test to assess the quality of the product. Different samples were characterized by H-NMR, FT-IR, DSC/TGA analysis, viscosity index (VI), and trace metals analysis. The results showed that the recycled post-consumed PET flakes' properties were generally conform to the standard norms of PET except the color of some flakes turned to yellow. Subsequently, a complementary study was undertaken to assess whether the material could be possibly reused for food packaging. For this purpose, rheological, thermal, and mechanical characterizations were performed. The results of the comparative study between the virgin and the recycled PET flakes concluded that the PET recycling affected the rheological properties but did not have any significant ...
Impact Strength and Morphology of Sustainably Sourced Recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends
Chemical engineering transactions, 2021
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a semi-crystalline material that is widely used in the packaging industry, mainly in the production of bottles for beverages. Similar to other plastics, PET causes a problem in disposal as it remains in the environment for a long time. Most of the bottles are thrown away after a single usage, which worsens the disposal problem. Recycling is one of the best ways to reduce the problem of disposal. However, recycling reduces the mechanical and chemical properties of the PET. Factors such as moisture absorption, biological pollutants, oxidation, high temperature, and thermal degradation have reduced the molecular weight of PET. To improve the properties, recycled PET had been blended with Polyamide 11 (PA11) at different ratios of PET: PA11, 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30. A modified styrene/acrylic/epoxy chain extender (Joncryl) was added at 1 wt % in the blend to enhance the properties. The properties of recycled PET/PA11 blends were investigated in terms ...
In the present work, fusion behavior, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of beverage bottle poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET) was compared with those of the virgin material. Viscosimetry measurements, differential scanning calorimetric studies, impact and tensile determinations were made in both materials. The lower R, of bottle PET revealed that a thermomechanical degradation occurred during processing. Although bottles possess a considerable degree of crystallinity (=30 percent), the crystallites are so small that they don’t scatter light and, therefore, bottles are transparent. Virgin PET exhibited a brittle behavior while bottle PET exhibited a ductile one. This is a consequence of the difference in crystallinity between both materials (greater for virgin PET because of its original higher crystallinity content), although they were molded under the same conditions. Such difference was attributable to a “crystalline memory” effect having its origin in the orientation of the material during injection molding at low temperature (25OOC). Injection-molded PET specimens showed a strong crystalline memory. capable of crystallization during very fast quenchings.
The influence of polyethylene in the mechanical recycling of polyethylene terephtalate
This paper studies the mechanical recycling process of PET derived from waste bottles made by injection-blowing. The effects of the presence of PE and its rheological behavior versus PET were analyzed. A series of proposed blends were injected in different molds and significant process parameters were evaluated to determine the final properties. Once the injected pieces were obtained, a morphological study using SEM and AFM was carried out, and the mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were analyzed to determine the optimum proportion of PE in PET waste, so that the recycling process can be performed in the easiest way possible without diminishing the final properties. Finally, the study questions to what extent it is necessary to eliminate PE content from waste PET.
Polymers
In the present study, partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) was melt-mixed at 15–45 wt% with recycled polyethylene terephthalate (r-PET) obtained from remnants of the injection blowing process of contaminant-free food-use bottles. The resultant compounded materials were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding for characterization. Poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA) was added at 1–5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of polyester blend during the extrusion process to counteract the ductility and toughness reduction that occurred in the bio-PET pieces after the incorporation of r-PET. This random copolymer effectively acted as a chain extender in the polyester blend, resulting in injection-molded pieces with slightly higher mechanical resistance properties and nearly the same ductility and toughness than those of neat bio-PET. In particular, for the polyester blend containing 45 wt% of r-PET, elongation at break (εb) increased from 10.8% to 378...
2002
This paper describes the effect of individual additives that are present in typical masterbatch formulations; the role they play in modifying physical properties and processability of blends based on RPET. Additives such as titanium dioxide, carbon black, linear low-density polyethylene and polyethylene wax are often incorporated into the composition of masterbatch. Blends based on these additives have been analysed for shifts in thermal transition points, levels of crystallinity and physical properties such as tensile and impact strength. The results show that, at the addition rates used, some additives had significant effects on processability and crystallinity, negligible effects on physical properties and antagonistic effects were noted when additives were combined.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Mixed PE Fractions from Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste
ACS Omega
The functional properties of recycled post-consumer flexible polyethylene packaging waste have been studied using materials collected and sorted at a large-scale facility in Sweden. The studied fraction was used both as received and after simple laboratory washing in water with added sodium hydroxide at 40°C. The materials were melt-compounded with a twin-screw extruder using two different temperature profiles and two screw configurations and injection-molded into slabs, whose thermal and mechanical properties were assessed. The results showed that the mechanical properties of injection-molded samples were not changed significantly either by the washing or by the temperature or screw configuration used in the compounding. Washing reduced the viscosity and molecular mass to a minor extent. As expected, the ash content of the compounded pellets was reduced by washing. The thermo-oxidative stability decreased with increasing compounding temperature and with washing.
2016
Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was made by extrusion from original PET, and after that injection samples were made. Morphological properties of the samples and regranulates, and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated until fourth week after the produce. The crystalline fraction of regranulates did not change, while the crystallinity of the injection molded samples increased during four weeks. Mechanical properties (tensile stress, modulus, and impact strength) had significant changes during four weeks. Connections between morphological structure and mechanical properties were found.
Polymer Bulletin, 2018
Solid-state polycondensation process of recycled polyethylene-terephthalate and its effect on crystalline structure and mechanical properties were investigated. A threephase morphological model was applied for the evaluation of crystalline structure, while mechanical properties were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. The effect of solid-state polycondensation process on morphology was investigated and described in detail. A new method was used to analyze the efect of solid-state polycondensation process on mechanical properties. Relationship was found between evolved crystalline structure and storage modulus of samples.
E3S Web of Conferences
Recycling and reuse of plastic waste by blending with virgin polymer has been affirmed to be the best way of managing the waste. Equally, agro-waste are best recycled than being burnt off. In the development of stronger and cheaper ecoefficient recycled PET composite for food packaging, this study focused on reinforcement of the blend of 20 wt. % recycled PET (rPET) and 80 wt. % virgin PET (vPET) with snail shell particulate and kenaf fiber via compression moulding process. The process parameters are fiber dosage, particulate dosage, moulding pressure and temperature. Box-Behnken design was engaged in the design of experiment and the samples were produced according to the experimental runs. Result of analysis of variance pinpointed the process factors as significant contributors to the flexural strength response. The model developed was validated to be significant and statistically fit. Interactions between the process variables as revealed by the response surface plots indicated th...