Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics SPACE I : Survey 2002 (original) (raw)
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Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics SPACE I: Survey 2011
2013
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF SPACE I 2011 1. The participation rate in the 2011 SPACE I Survey was almost 100%: 51 out of the 52 Prison Administrations of the 47 Member States of the Council of Europe answered the questionnaire. 2. On 1 st September 2011, there were 1,825,356 inmates held in penal institutions across Europe. On the same date in 2010, there were 1,861,246 inmates. This represents a decrease of about 2% from 2010 to 2011. 3. The average European prison population rate was 154 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants, which is slightly higher than in 2010, when there were 149.3 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants. 4. On average, on 1 st September 2011, European prisons were at the top of their capacity, holding 99.5 inmates per 100 places. In particular, about half of the Prison Administrations were experiencing overcrowding. Since 2009, when there were 98.4 inmates per 100 places, there has been an increase of 1% in the prison density. 5. The average age of the European prison population was 33 years. 6. Female inmates represented 5.3% of the total prison population. Almost one fourth of them were pre-trial detainees. 7. On average, 21% of the inmates were foreigners. Yet, there are very big differences between countries. The lower numbers of foreign inmates are found in Eastern European countries, where they seldom represent more than 2% of the prison population, and the highest in Western European countries, where they usually represent more than 30%. Around a quarter of the foreign inmates were citizens of EU Member States. 8. About 21% of the inmates in Europe were held in pre-trial detention. This percentage increases to 27% when inmates without a final sentence are also included. 9. On average, 26% of all sentenced prisoners were serving sentences of less than one year, another 26% were serving sentences of one to three years, and 48% were serving longer sentences. In particular, inmates sentenced to more than 10 years represented 14% of the total. 10. Inmates were sentenced mainly for drug offences (17.5%), theft (17.5%), robbery (12.2%), and homicide (12.2%). 11. The average length of imprisonment in 2010 was 9 months, and the average duration of pre-trial detention was 5 months. 12. The average mortality rate in 2010 was 28 deaths per 10,000 inmates. 13. The average amount spent per day and per inmate in 2010 was 93 Euros. The median amount was 50 Euros due to the huge differences across countries (from 3 to 750 Euros). The 33 Prison Administrations that provided data on this item had spent more than 17.000 million Euros in 2010. 14. On average, there were about 3 inmates per one custodian in 2010.
Influences on the Prisoner Rate: Number of Entries into Prison, Length of Sentences and Crime Rate
2000
On the basis of the data contained in the European Sourcebook, this article tries to answer the question: 'What influences the prisoner rate most? The number of entries into prison, the length of sentences, or the crime rate?' The authors show that the crime rate is absolutely not correlated with the prisoner rate. The latter depends principally on the length of the imposed custodial sanctions and secondly on the number of those imposed prison sentences. Nevertheless, there are some indications suggesting that these results could be different from one type of offence to another. Unfortunately, this hypothesis could not be tested on the basis of the European Sourcebook data.
Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics SPACE I: Survey 2013
2014
The participation rate in the 2013 SPACE II Survey was very satisfying: 47 out of the 52 probation services of the 47 Council of Europe Member States answered the questionnaire. About 83% of the probation services of the responding countries are placed under the authority of the national Ministry of Justice. This authority is shared with the Prison Administration in around 38% of these cases. During the year 2013, 1,621,718 persons entered into supervision by the probation services, and 1,184,791 left that supervision. This represents an average rate of 254.6 entries and 185.2 exits per 100,000 population. As a comparison, in 2012, there 250.6 entries per 100,000 inhabitants (+1.6% in 2013) and 175.1 exits per 100,000 inhabitants (+5.77% in 2013). Between 2010 and 2013, the entries into supervision per 100,000 population decreased by 4.5% and the exits increased by 6.31%. On 31 st December 2013, there were 2,145,289 persons under the supervision or care of the probation services of the responding countries. This represents an average of 209.1 per 100,000 inhabitants. As a comparison, on 31 st December 2012, the average rate of persons under the supervision or care of the probation services was 214.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (-2.43% in 2013). Between 2010 and 2013, the increase was 1.65%. The average European probation population rate was 219.3 probation clients per 100 000 inhabitants, which is slightly higher than in 2012, when there were 214.3 probation clients per 100 000 inhabitants. Non-custodial sanctions and measures are seldom used as an alternative to pre-trial detention: Roughly, only 7.8% of the probation population corresponds to persons placed under supervision before trial. On average, on 31 st December 2013, female probation clients represented 10.7% of the total probation population. The proportion of juveniles and foreigners was 5.8% and 13.6% respectively. On average, there are 7.9 probation staff members per 100,000 inhabitants, with great individual variation among the responding countries. On average, each probation staff member across Europe is in charge of 7.8 pre-sentence reports. Victim-offender mediation exists in 25 out of 43 countries. Half of the countries with victim-offender mediation introduced this measure after 1998. The majority of the countries apply victim-offender mediation both for adults and for minors.
2016
Key points of SPACE II 2015 Ø The participation rate in the 2015 SPACE II Survey was very satisfying: 47 out of the 52 probation services of the 47 Council of Europe Member States answered the questionnaire. Ø About 80% of the probation services of the responding countries are placed under the authority of the national Ministry of Justice. This authority is shared with the Prison Administration in around 34% of these cases. Ø During the year 2015, 1,173,278 persons entered into supervision by the probation services, and 1,130,444 left that supervision. For countries with at least one million inhabitants, this represents an average rate of 227.7 entries and 167.3 exits per 100,000 inhabitants. As a comparison, in 2014, there 220.9 entries per 100,000 inhabitants (+3.07% in 2015) and 165.6 exits per 100,000 inhabitants (+1.02% in 2015). Between 2010 and 2015, the entries into supervision per 100,000 population decreased by 9.3% and the exits decreased by 10.4%. Ø On 31 st December 2015, there were 1,239,426 persons under the supervision or care of the probation services of the responding countries. For countries with at least one million inhabitants, this represents an average rate of 195 per 100,000 inhabitants. As a comparison, on 31 st December 2014, the average rate of persons under the supervision or care of the probation services was 196.5 per 100,000 inhabitants (-0.7% in 2015). Between 2010 and 2015, the decrease reached 9.7%. Ø Non-custodial sanctions and measures are seldom used as an alternative to pre-trial detention: Roughly, only 7.5% of the probation population corresponds to persons placed under supervision before trial. Ø On average, on 31 st December 2015, female probation clients represented 9.8% of the total probation population. The proportion of minors and foreigners was 4.9% and 15.1% respectively. Ø On average, there are 5.6 probation staff members per 100,000 inhabitants, with great individual variation among the responding countries. Ø On average, each probation staff member across Europe is in charge of 10.8 pre-sentence reports. Ø In 24 countries, probation is used for all kind of criminal offences. Ø The average length of probation for persons sentenced for violence against persons and robbery are 17.5 months and 20.1 months respectively. Ø The longer length of probation is, on average, 22.8 months, and corresponds to persons sentenced for sexual offences.
2015
The report has been prepared under a contract with the Action against Crime Department, Information Society and Action against Crime Directorate, DGI-Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe. It has also received support from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. Country based information on penal institutions and prison populations was collected through the SPACE I 2016 questionnaire (Ref: PC-CP (2017) 10) and analysed by the authors of this report. In addition, during the preparation of the report, three validation procedures were applied: internal, cross-national and peerreview. The responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors, and the content does not represent the views of the Council of Europe; nor is the PC-CP responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.
Incidence and Cumulative Incidence as Supplemental Measures of the Scale of Imprisonment
Crime & Delinquency, 2017
Prison growth has primarily been measured as a prevalence over time. We propose cohort-specific supplemental measures: incidence based on the age of first adult admission into prison, and cumulative incidence, based on the proportion of people who will be imprisoned during their lifetime. We present a new estimation method using administrative data. Prior research derived estimates from inmate surveys. The main advantages of this new method are that estimates can be updated every year with little cost and minimal imputation. We present results showing that we have likely reached an inflection point in the growth of cumulative incidence, and the ratio between Blacks and Whites is declining although the disparity is still large-roughly 4.5 to 1.
2010
Exceptions: When data referred to a different territorial division than demographic data, we used the following sources: Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina): Demographic data are mid-2007 estimates. Data were retrieved from the Website of the Federal Office of Statistics (provisional data, nowadays not included in the annual report), available at: http://www.fzs.ba/Dem/Vital/VitalnaEngl.htm (retrieved on November 1 st , 2008). Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska): Demographic data are estimates. We made our estimation on the basis of official data for 2005 ("Demographic statistics. Statistical Bulletin" no. 11,
International Comparisons of Prison Statistics: Key Facts and Figures of the SPACE 2014
2016
This paper provides an overview of the extent of imprisonment in Europe in 2014. It also studies its evolution from 2005 to 2014 as well as the possible causes of the trends observed. Data are taken from the Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics. The results showed that the average European prison population rate increased from 2005 to 2011, and started decreasing after that. That decrease is partially explained by the downward trend showed by the average rate of entries into penal institutions after 2009 and the stabilization of the length of imprisonment after 2011. It is also related to a change in the composition of European prison populations. In particular, the percentage of prisoners sentenced for theft has decreased, while the percentages of prisoners sentenced for violent offences and for drug offences have increased. Furthermore, the decreases in the stock and the flow of entries of prisoners led to a decline of the average European prison density and, consequently, of...