Trichoderma-Enriched Vermicompost Extracts Reduces Nematode Biotic Stress in Tomato and Bell Pepper Crops (original) (raw)
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2011
His support, patience, guidance and encouragement have been invaluable to me in completing this work. I am deeply indebted to him and grateful for his guidance. I would like to thank Dr. Carol Lovatt, for teaching Plant Physiology that provided me a platform to get started with this research. I also completely appreciate her support and guidance and thank her for going out of the way many times to help me with my research. I do completely appreciate her time and feedback that helped enrich the contents of my thesis research. I would also like to thank Dr. Edith Allen, for her valuable inputs and suggestions in completing my thesis. Outside the Department, my sincere thanks to Dr. Antoon Ploeg for teaching me a lot about nematology patiently. I would also like to thank Dr. James Borneman. My heartfelt thanks to Toan, for helping me out immensely with statistics part of my thesis. Also, I am very thankful to my lab mates Oli and Lizzy for their support and help at many crucial times. This section will not be complete without me thanking Pri, Divya, Gayu and Luli, I cannot envision myself going through this process without each one of yours incredible support. My sincere thanks to my affectionate parents, my husband and my baby, for their motivation, enthusiastic support, prayers and loving care which has been the source of my strength. Thank You.
ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita is a potential pathogen threatening the cultivation of tomato.It causes significant yield losses per annum all over the world. For successful disease management of pathogen andsustainable tomato production, environmentally safe management practices are one of the most important approaches.Using a combination of eco-friendly practices seems an interesting idea. Keeping this in mind, a combination ofTrichoderma harzianum and liquid Vermicompost was screened against M. incognita in tomato cv. Pusa Ruby. Inpresent studies, the germination percentage of tomato cv Pusa Ruby was studied in soil infested with M. incognita andT. harzianum. Dosages were 3g/Kg and 5g/Kg soil for T. harzianum and 1000 J-2 larvae per kg soil for M. incognita. Thesoil was further amended with vermicompost at the rate of 100g/kg soil before the seeds were sown. All the threecomponents were infested in soil separately and in different combinations. Germination percentage was calculatedafter 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Results indicated that combined inoculations of T. harzianum and vermicompost provedeffective in reducing infection of M. incognita and increasing germination percentage. The hatching and mortality ofroot knot nematode larvae were also observed in culture filtrate of T. harzianum and aqueous vermicompost separately.The percent reduction of larval emergence showed a significant positive correlation with increased concentration ofculture filtrate and vermicompost. Although culture filtrate of T harzianum was more effective in reducing the hatchingof larvae, there was a significant decrease shown by vermicompost as well in separate treatment. Most effectivetreatment was combination of both the inoculants.
The Plant Pathology Journal
Root-knot nematodes are the most important plantparasitic nematodes worldwide. Many efforts have been made to find non-chemical, risk-free, and environmentally friendly methods for nematode control. In this study, the effects of compost and vermicompost of arugula (Eruca sativa) on Meloidogyne javanica were investigated in three glasshouse experiments. In addition, the expression of the defense-related genes nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related 1 (NPR1) and lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1) was detected in tomato plants treated with vermicompost of arugula at 0, 2, 7, and 14 days after nematode inoculation. The result showed that the vermicompost of arugula significantly reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode by 54.4% to 70.5% in the three experiments and increased the dry weight of shoots of infected tomato plants. Gene expression analysis showed that LOX1 expression increased on the second and seventh day after nematode inoculation, while NPR1 expression decreased. The vermicompost o...
Agronomy, 2022
The ecosystem is considerably affected due to the extensive use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. As an alternative strategy, this study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of the bioagents arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting Trichoderma harzianum MZ025966 against tomato root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica). T. harzianum showed a great potentiality to produce indole acetic acid (IAA) (12.11 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and exhibited a noticeable activity of ammonification. Furthermore, T. harzianum revealed protease and lipase enzymatic activity of 28.36 ± 2.82 U/mL and 12.30 ± 0.31 U/mL, respectively, which may illustrate the control mechanism of nematode eggs and juveniles. As in mycorrhizal and/or T. harzianum inoculated tomato plants, the penetration rates of nematodes, as well as the number of juveniles, females, egg mass, and galls were significantly reduced. The lowest number of juveniles was observed in the case of either single mycorrhizal inoculation ...
International Journal of Phytopathology, 2020
Three different plant extracts (Khaya ivorensis, Azadirachta indica and Daniella oleifera) and two Trichoderma species (T. harzianum and T. atroviride), singly and in combination, were assessed on nematode population changes and also in the control of plant parasitic nematodes on tomato under field condition during 2018 and 2019 planting seasons. During each trial, plant parasitic nematodes encountered in the field were Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Xiphinema and Helicotylenchus species. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 4 x 3 factorial scheme and five replications. Factor A being plant extracts (Khaya ivorensis, Azadirachta indica, Daniella oleifera) and control, and factor B being bio-control agents (Trichoderma harzianum, T. atroviride) and control, resulting in 12 treatments. Significant reductions were observed on the population of the plant parasitic nematodes at all treatment levels with neem plant extract, in combination with either T. harzianum or T. a...
2020
Trichoderma harzianum and spent mushroom compost alone and in combination were tested against root knot nematode in tomato under field conditions at Heroshah & Jabban in Malakand division of Pakistan. The experiment consisted of five treatments; application of T. harzianum grown on spent mushroom compost, root coating with T. harzianum, application of spent mushroom compost alone, root coating + spent mushroom compost and check. The data were recorded on: 1) Number of flowers per plant 2) Number of tomato fruits per plant 3) Plant height (cm), 4) Root weight (g) 5) Number of galls per root system 6) Fruit yield per plant (kg). Significant differences were observed among different treatments. T. harzianum and spent mushroom compost both suppressed nematodes and enhanced growth of the tomato plants. Data regarding yield and growth parameters, root coating with the fungus in combination with spent mushroom compost inoculated with T. harzianum (T 4 ) was found best among the treatments ...
2018
In the present studies effectiveness of antagonistic fungi viz. Trichoderma viride were evaluated against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. The application of T. viride significantly increased shoot weight and decreased root weight of tomato in a dose dependent manner. Doses of 6 gm/kg soil as soil treatment and 9x10 cfu/ml as bare root dip treatment showed maximum increase in shoot weight and decrease in root weight. On the other hand, the antagonistic fungi caused significant reductions in number of galls, egg masses, eggs per egg mass and reproductive factors of M. incognita in a dose dependent manner. The fungi caused the maximum reductions in these parameters at two highest doses of 6 gm/kg soil as soil treatment and 9x10 cfu/ml as bare root dip treatment. It is, therefore, concluded from the present evaluation that the indigenous isolates of T. viride have the potential to control M. incognita as both the treatments viz. soil application and bare root dip treatment.
Plant Disease, 2017
Suppression of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) by vermicompost tea (VCT) has been inconsistent. Greenhouse and laboratory trials were conducted to compare the effects of VCT prepared from different curing ages of vermicompost (VC) on root penetration, reproduction, and hatching of M. incognita. In the penetration experiment, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) seedlings were drenched with VCT prepared from (i) uncured (UVC), (ii) partially cured (PVC), (iii) completely cured (CVC) vermicompost, and (iv) water or no vermicompost (NVC) 3 days prior to M. incognita inoculation. The experiment was repeated twice on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and terminated one week after nematode inoculation. All three trials showed that UVC and PVC reduced (P ≤ 0.05) penetration of M. incognita compared with CVC and NVC. Two greenhouse trials showed that VCT from different curing ages of VC did not reduce the abundance of M. incognita juveniles in soil and eggs in roots 2.5 months after nematode inoculati...
New Phytologist, 2006
Here, the interaction of Melodoigyne incognita virulent and avirulent pathotypes with susceptible and Mi -resistant tomato ( Solanum lycopersicon ) has been studied. Significant differences in nematode penetration occurred 2 days postinoculation (dpi) and became stable from 3 dpi onwards. The hypersensitive cell response (HR) in resistant plants prevented the installation of the avirulent pathotype. The virulent pathotype overcame the Mi (nematode) resistance and induced feeding sites in root cells without triggering HR. • Reactive oxygen species (ROS), visualized by subcellular reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium, accumulated in nematode penetrated cells. Quantitative analyses with dichlorofluorescein indicated that the oxidative burst occurred very early with both pathotypes, with an enhanced rate in hyper-responsive cells. • Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), detected by cerium chloride reaction, accumulated in the cell walls and especially in cells neighbouring HR. The apoplastic location of cerium perhydroxide indicated that either the plasma membrane or the cell wall was the primary site of the superoxide/H 2 O 2 generator. • The data provide evidence, for the first time, for ROS-generated signals and their spatiotemporal expression in the host and nonhost interaction of tomato with nematodes.
Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2022
A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad-spectrum toxicants, possessing high volatility or other properties that promote migration through the soil. In addition, the nematicides used are more expensive and have adverse effects on health and the environment, so it must use more eco-friendly and less expensive alternative methods to control root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Chili (Capsicum annum) suffers from nematode infestation, which reduces its quality and quantity. Therefore, the goal of this research was to assess the effect of different doses of fly ash (FA) mixed soil (5%, 10%, 15 and 20% FA) with two doses of Trichoderma harzianum (1 g and 2 g) for the management of root-knot nematode infection in chili crop. The results showed that significant enhancement in plant growth, yield, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content, protein, carbohydrate, amino acid, tryptophan, indole acetic acid, phen...