A simple strategy to optimally design and manage a photovoltaic plant integrated with a storage system for different applications (original) (raw)
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Nowadays, the energy storage technology is bringing new opportunities to the power systems, not only providing the electric grid with regulation, reserve and backup services, but also filling the gap between the timing of production and consumption. This enables price arbitrage techniques, aimed at maximising the economic revenue obtained by charging or discharging the storage, based on the time variation of electricity prices. This paper shows how to optimise the operation of a storage device in presence of a PV generating plant, possibly combined with a local load. An optimisation technique based on a dynamic programming tool implemented with the open source Modelica language is here proposed and tested on different case studies. In particular, different storage sizes and losses models have been considered, as well as the dependence of the storage lifetime on the depth of discharge of its operational cycles. Finally, a payback analysis calibrated on present and future cost scenarios is presented and discussed.
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2011
In this paper, we study the problem of determining the size of battery storage used in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. In our setting, electricity is generated from PV and is used to supply the demand from loads. Excess electricity generated from the PV can be stored in a battery to be used later on, and electricity must be purchased from the electric grid if the PV generation and battery discharging cannot meet the demand. The objective is to minimize the electricity purchase from the electric grid while at the same time choosing an appropriate battery size. More specifically, we want to find a unique critical value (denoted as E c max ) of the battery size such that the cost of electricity purchase remains the same if the battery size is larger than or equal to E c max , and the cost is strictly larger if the battery size is smaller than E c max . We propose an upper bound on E c max , and show that the upper bound is achievable for certain scenarios. For the case with ideal PV generation and constant loads, we characterize the exact value of E c max , and also show how the storage size changes as the constant load changes; these results are validated via simulations.
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This paper presents a two-step cost-based method of optimally sizing and selecting BESS in standalone solar PV system applications considering predicted solar radiation data and economic performance (BESS cost analysis). The methodology is basically divided into two distinct parts; the first part is the sizing process and the second part is the selection process. In the first part, several BESS sizes suitable for a particular standalone PV system are determined using energy deficit and supply interruption outcomes of a PV system simulation with predicted hourly solar radiation series, hourly load demand and battery storage capacity as simulation parameters. In the second step, the economic performance of the determined BESS sizes is evaluated through a cost analysis process where two financial metrics; net present value (NPV) and payback period (PBP), are utilized. This step is necessary in order to ascertain the investment risks and benefits of the BESS sizes. To test its adequacy,...
Value of Photovoltaic Electricity Storage in Different Applications
In order to increase the penetration of photovoltaic electricity in the worldwide energy mix, the storage function is of critical importance. The uses of storage in relation to PV electricity applications are numerous and finding the right storage system for one given application is a difficult task since many technologies are in competition. The maturity of these storage systems is very different, inducing a large range of technical, economic and environmental characteristics that need to be considered. Until now, having a clear view of the technical, economical and environmental characteristics of the many existing storage technologies was a very difficult task. Within the INVESTIRE project four main applications of storage in the PV electricity generation were detailed to meet the needs for storage within these applications, nine storage technologies were evaluated. The best candidates that meet the purely technical requirements of the applications are presented. This technically based choice is then balanced by taking into account the investment cost and cost of ownership for each technology. By basing on technical and economic results gathered, inter alia, within the INVESTIRE-network, a cost analysis of the storage function in the pre-defined applications is performed together with a comparison of the different storage technologies that come into consideration.
Optimisation of Storage for Concentrated Solar Power Plants
Challenges, 2014
The proliferation of non-scheduled generation from renewable electrical energy sources such concentrated solar power (CSP) presents a need for enabling scheduled generation by incorporating energy storage; either via directly coupled Thermal Energy Storage (TES) or Electrical Storage Systems (ESS) distributed within the electrical network or grid. The challenges for 100% renewable energy generation are: to minimise capitalisation cost and to maximise energy dispatch capacity. The aims of this review article are twofold: to review storage technologies and to survey the most appropriate optimisation techniques to determine optimal operation and size of storage of a system to operate in the Australian National Energy Market (NEM). Storage technologies are reviewed to establish indicative characterisations of energy density, conversion efficiency, charge/discharge rates and costings. A partitioning of optimisation techniques based on methods most appropriate for various time scales is performed: from "whole of year", seasonal, monthly, weekly and daily averaging to those best suited matching the NEM bid timing of five minute dispatch bidding, averaged on the half hour as the trading settlement spot price. Finally, a selection of the most promising research directions and methods to determine the optimal operation and sizing of storage for renewables in the grid is presented.
With greenhouse gas emissions increasing and global environmental policies changing, renewable energy sources have gained significant attention over the last 15 years. However, the intermittent nature of renewable generation makes its integration to the grid a challenging task. Thus, energy storage systems are usually proposed as a way to overcome this problem. This paper deals with energy storage for very large PV power plants (larger than IOOMW). Different operating strategies have been defined for the PV power plant and the required energy storage capacity was estimated for each of them via a sizing methodology that will be briefly described. In addition, six areas of favorable solar radiation characteristics have been chosen as case studies to evaluate the presented methodology. Finally, a time series analysis was conducted in order to estimate the confidence interval for which both PV generated energy and energy storage are sufficient to fulfill the specific operating strategy. This analysis was performed for each operating strategy and location and thus, a comparative study will be presented.
Economic Optimization of Component Sizing for Residential Battery Storage Systems
Energies, 2017
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) coupled with rooftop-mounted residential photovoltaic (PV) generation, designated as PV-BESS, draw increasing attention and market penetration as more and more such systems become available. The manifold BESS deployed to date rely on a variety of different battery technologies, show a great variation of battery size, and power electronics dimensioning. However, given today's high investment costs of BESS, a well-matched design and adequate sizing of the storage systems are prerequisites to allow profitability for the end-user. The economic viability of a PV-BESS depends also on the battery operation, storage technology, and aging of the system. In this paper, a general method for comprehensive PV-BESS techno-economic analysis and optimization is presented and applied to the state-of-art PV-BESS to determine its optimal parameters. Using a linear optimization method, a cost-optimal sizing of the battery and power electronics is derived based on solar energy availability and local demand. At the same time, the power flow optimization reveals the best storage operation patterns considering a trade-off between energy purchase, feed-in remuneration, and battery aging. Using up to date technology-specific aging information and the investment cost of battery and inverter systems, three mature battery chemistries are compared; a lead-acid (PbA) system and two lithium-ion systems, one with lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) and another with lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode. The results show that different storage technology and component sizing provide the best economic performances, depending on the scenario of load demand and PV generation.