Electrochemical skin conductance for quantitative assessment of sweat function: Normative values in children (original) (raw)
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Normal values of nerve conduction in children and adolescents
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1995
Healthy children and adolescents (n = 128) ranging in age from 6 to 20 years and in height from 114 to 193 cm underwent studies of median, peroneal and sural nerves bilaterally, including nerve conduction velocity, amplitude and motor distal latencies. Arms and legs were heated in all subjects to obtain skin temperatures around 34 degrees C. Both motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were found to correlate more with height than with age. There was a strong negative correlation between height and peroneal conduction velocity (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001). On the contrary, a positive correlation was found between height and both median sensory (r = 0.30, P < 0.0001) and motor (r = 0.22, P < 0.001) conduction velocities. Skin temperature, even near 34 degrees C, had a strong effect on conduction velocity and motor distal latencies. It is concluded that consideration of height and temperature will improve the diagnostic safety of nerve conduction measurements in children and...
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics
Background: The normal values of nerve conduction studies (NCS) are different in children compared to adults. Moreover, racial and geographical factors can affect these values. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the normal NCS values in children of different ages. Methods: The present cross-sectional study included children referred to the Electrodiagnosis Clinic of the Children's Medical Center in Iran, who had normal NCS results based on the references and had no exclusion criteria. The patients were divided into 8 age groups (7 days to one month, 1 - 3 months, 3 - 6 months, 6 - 12 months, 1 - 2 years, 2 - 4 years, 4 - 6 years, and 6 - 14 years), and the NCS was performed using a Nihon Kohden electromyogram. The NCS values in the normal range were included in the analysis. Results: The normal ranges of amplitude and conduction velocity of 4 motor nerves (median, ulnar, deep peroneal, and tibial) and 2 sensory nerves (median and medial plantar), as well as the F...
Relationship between skin blood flow and sweating rate in prepubertal boys and young men
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 1999
We sought the mechanisms in the maturation-related change of skin blood flow to heat stress. Eight prepubertal boys (7±11 years) and 11 young men (21±25 years) were exposed to a mild passive heating [by placing the lower legs and feet in a 42°C water bath for 60 min while sitting in a neutral air condition (25°C, 45% relative humidity)]. No age-related differences were observed for the increase in rectal temperature [0.61 0.05 (SEM) vs. 0.62 0.09°C in the boys and men at the end of the passive heating, respectively], mean skin temperature (34.51 0.28 vs. 34.81 0.27°C) or metabolic heat production (68 4 vs. 60 3 W m ±2 ) during the passive heating. During the heating age-related differences in skin blood¯ow by laser Doppler¯owmetry (LDF) and local sweating rate ( m sw ) varied by site; the boys had greater LDF on the chest and back, similar LDF on the forearm and thigh, lower m sw on the chest and thigh, similar m sw on the back, and greater m sw on the forearm, compared with the men. The relationship between LDF and m sw during the heat exposure was divided into three temporal phases: (a) an increase of LDF without an increase in m sw , (b) an increase of m sw without the secondary increase of LDF, (c) a proportional increase of LDF and m sw . The increase of LDF in phase (a) and the slopes of the regression lines between the LDF and m sw in phase (c) were signi®cantly greater on the chest and back for the boys (P < 0.05), compared with the men, but not on the forearm and thigh. These results suggest that the greater LDF observed on the trunk in the boys may be owing to a greater withdrawal of vasoconstrictor tone and a greater active vasodilation. Regional differences may exist in the maturation-related alterations in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Skin temperature in the extremities of healthy and neurologically impaired children
European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 2005
Little emphasis has been accorded to peripheral skin temperature impairments in children with neurological disorders but attention has been paid to the significance of cold extremities (autonomic failure) for well-being and quality of life in adults stroke patients. Therefore, it seems important to investigate skin temperature in children with neurological disorder, especially when their communication is impaired.
Skin temperature in the extremities of healthy and neurologically impaired children 2005.pdf
Little emphasis has been accorded to peripheral skin temperature impairments in children with neurological disorders but attention has been paid to the significance of cold extremities (autonomic failure) for well-being and quality of life in adults stroke patients. Therefore, it seems important to investigate skin temperature in children with neurological disorder, especially when their communication is impaired.
Skin conductance variability between and within hospitalised infants at rest
Early Human Development, 2011
Background: Various methods of pain assessment in infants have been trialled in the search for objective, specific, physiologic measures of responses to pain. Skin conductance (SC) measured in the palm of the hand or on the plantar aspect of the foot may be one such measure. SC in these sites reflects the emotional sweating due to sympathetic nerve activity. The skin conductance response (SCR), which results from filling and reabsorption of sweat in the sweat glands, has previously been suggested to be the most sensitive SC parameter of sympathetic nerve activity in response to painful stimulation. Aim: To study SCRs within and between medically stable hospitalised infants while at rest. Methods: SCRs were measured in infants during at least six periods of monitoring in a maximum 48-h period. Behavioural state was recorded throughout the data collection periods. Results: SC recordings (n = 91) from 15 infants during sleep showed that frequency of SCRs varied between 0 and 0.04 SCRs per second (SCRs/s), median 0.002 SCRs/s. 73% of the total variation was within-infant variation, with the remaining 27% of variation due to variation between the mean SCR values of different infants. Conclusion: This pilot study contributes to establishing baseline phasic SC activity in hospitalised infants at rest by measuring SCRs. These data can be used as a reference for future studies to determine the validity and reliability of SC measurement in infants exposed to painful or stressful interventions within a neonatal unit.
Monitoring electrical skin conductance: A tool for the assessment of postoperative pain in children?
Acute Pain, 2009
Background: Monitoring changes in electrical skin conductance has been described as a potentially useful tool for the detection of acute pain in adults. The aim of this study was to test the method in pediatric patients. Methods: A total of 180 postoperative pediatric patients aged 1-16 yr were included in this prospective, blinded observational study. After arrival in the recovery unit, pain was assessed by standard clinical pain assessment tools (1-3 yr: Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability Scale, 4-7 yr: Revised Faces Scale, 8-16 yr: Visual Analogue Scale) at various time points during their stay in the recovery room. The number of fluctuations in skin conductance per second (NFSC) was recorded simultaneously. Results: Data from 165 children were used for statistical analysis, and 15 patients were excluded. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for predicting moderate to severe pain from NFSC was 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.79-0.85). Over all age groups, an NFSC cutoff value of 0.13 was found to distinguish between no or mild versus moderate or severe pain with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 64% (positive predictive value 35%, negative predictive value 97%). Conclusions: NFSC accurately predicted the absence of moderate to severe pain in postoperative pediatric patients. The measurement of NFSC may therefore provide an additional tool for pain assessment in this group of patients. However, more research is needed to prospectively investigate the observations made in this study and to determine the clinical applicability of the method.
Pediatric Reports, 2021
Data in the literature report that latency and morphology in the cutaneous sympathetic skin response (SSR) do not change according to the type of stimulus delivered, unlike the amplitude which shows greater values in relation to the intensity of the physical impact caused in patient. Since the acoustic stimulus represents a method better tolerated by the pediatric patient, the aim of this study is to evaluate the presence or absence of significant differences in SSR between electrical and acoustic stimuli. The SSR was performed for each child of 18 recruited in this study, deriving from the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot and initially delivering an electrical stimulus at the level of the median nerve at the wrist. Two acoustic stimuli were subsequently delivered with the aid of audiometric headphones. Our results show no significant differences for the amplitude values obtained (p values > 0.05). For the latency there was a statistically significant difference (p-value...