Passive cooling systems in livestock buildings towards energy saving: A critical review (original) (raw)
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Application of urban passive cooling systems and design techniques in livestock buildings
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
A protected environment for plant and animal growth is necessary for the increase of agricultural production. The expanding number of agricultural structures with a controlled environment, such as greenhouses and livestock structures, might be the key to tackling the continuously increasing food demand due to the growing population. Farm animals bred inside environmentally controlled buildings are positively affected. It has been found that farm animals have shown dramatic reduction in their productivity resulting in economic losses when the temperature rises beyond the upper critical point of their thermoneutral zone. For this reason, cooling systems and design techniques are developed and used in livestock buildings, in order to keep the optimum growth environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), so as to avoid heat stress. Conventional energy, which is the main energy source consumed by the active cooling systems might not be economically viable and additionally it has negative effects on the environment. Therefore, passive cooling methods towards the sustainability of livestock building designs are being examined, since the viable development of the economic factor is crucial. The most usual passive cooling systems are based on shelters, insulation, natural ventilation as well as architectural parameters, affecting the cooling of a building, such as the roof inclination, the wall colour, the orientation etc. Hybrid systems, such as earth to air heat exchangers are also used. There are some passive cooling solutions that have been used with success in urban buildings and these may be quite effective for livestock buildings without excessive modifications. The present study focuses on a description and evaluation of these solutions in primary food production.
Optimal evaporative cooling system configuration for livestock building
2008
The efficiency of ventilation and evaporative cooling systems usually depend on the system configuration, air distribution and cattle layout. From a thermo-fluid dynamics point of view, local recirculation zones could be present, reducing significantly the advantages of evaporative cooling. Furthermore, while for hot and dry climates such advantages are in general quite evident, in Italy the temperate and moderately humid summers make uncertain the cost-benefits ratio. Previous results show that such systems are convenient even for temperate climates. In order to get an efficient implementation an optimal location of EC panels is required. From this point of view a double target is required: i) to reduce the indoor dry bulb temperature; ii) to keep low the increasing humidity due to the direct evaporative cooling effect.
Passive Cooling of Housing by Natural Ventilation
The building's form and thermal characteristics largely govern the amount of energy consumed by a building. To avoid major flaws of the design, an architect needs to include the evaluation of the building's energy consumption in the earlier stages of the design process. If energy efficiency is not adequately considered during these stages, higher operating cost will accrue over the life of the building. In recent years, scientists, engineers and architects designed successful innovative buildings that use passive cooling techniques, such as natural ventilation. The house studied is a pilot project undertaken jointly by the Centre for Development of Renewable Energies (CDER) and the National Centre for Studies and Research of integrated building (CNERIB) under the MED-ENEC project (Mediterranean Energy Efficiency in Construction structure). The house subject of study is 65 m² surface area, located in the Algiers region characterized by a Mediterranean climate with relatively ...
Development of new control techniques for the ventilation and heating of livestock buildings
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1986
From statistical analysis offield data, normal mechanical ventilating systems using exhaust fans were found to give no better mean production results than natural open-ridge systems. To explain this, components of the mechanical ventilating system, namely the fan and the controller, were analysed in a laboratory test installation. The equipment tested revealed important shortcomings that explain why normal mechanical ventilating systems do not perform adequately in the field. By use of a steady-state analysis , the effects of the air flow rate on indoor temperature and on energy losses in a livestock building were analysed. A new controller has been developed, in an attempt to achieve improved control of air flow and hence more effective environmental control in livestock buildings.
Social Science Research Network, 2021
Pig farming is a sector of animal husbandry, the development of which is great attention. The pork market occupies a large share in the trade in animal products. In the conditions of they do competition more efforts are made to improve the quality and reduce the cost of production. To achieve this goal, work is being done in several areas-development and expansion of the gene pool, improvement of the living environment in the premises for animal husbandry, reduction of energy costs. Along with the development of feeding technologies, it is necessary to create a suitable microclimate in the premises, in which the animals to realize their productive potential, which in turn is directly related to the use of heating and cooling systems. The design of these systems for both existing and new buildings is carried out according to generally accepted methodologies, which in turn require time for calculation and use of specialized software. The methodologies for determining the loads for heating and cooling of livestock buildings, in accordance with the current legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria, are compared with a new method proposed in this publication. The possibility to consider a livestock building from the point of view of the theory of heat exchange allows the use of the basic differential equations describing the dynamic interaction of the building with the environment. This description would be complete and complex to implement. Therefore, the method of dimensional analysis is used, which is based on generalized indicators, when fulfilling certain criteria of similarity. The aim of the new methodology is to shorten the design time and allow the rapid sizing of heating and cooling systems in livestock buildings. In developing the new methodology, the task was the proposed new approach to summarize the interaction of all physical parameters affecting the heat exchange between the building and the surrounding air, allowing to take into account changes in external (air temperature, wind speed, solar radiation intensity) and internal factors (heat given off by farm animals, lighting, process equipment and processes) affecting the heat exchange between the building and the ambient air.
Journal of Building Materials and Structures, 2018
The thermal performance of the roof is one of the most important factors for a comfortable environment. As 50% of the thermal loads received by a building come from the roof, this research seeks to find the roofing system that opposes the transmission of heat during the hottest days and promotes indoor thermal comfort. In this regard, this paper presents an experimental study carried out on four (04) testing cells constructed on a reduced scale and submitted to climatic external conditions. Three (03) cells were used to test passive cooling strategies through the roof, namely: the cool roof, ventilated roof and a roof with inverted earth pots. The fourth cell that served as cell-reference, for its part, a conventional roof. The experimentation concerned the types of roofs most used in residential buildings in Biskra, Algeria. The measurements process was effectuated in an exposed field during the month of July, prevailing the metrological data of the hot and arid climate. The obtain...
Renewable Energy, 2014
This study presents the thermal analysis of a building prototype, which was designed and built in accordance with energy efficiency measures to improve indoor thermal comfort, particularly in summer. The building prototype is located in Souidania (20 km southwest of Algiers, latitude 36 7N, Longitude 03 2E). The location is characterized by a temperate Mediterranean climate. In order to perform this analysis, various activities are carried out: a series of monitoring campaigns; dynamic simulations with TRNSYS software, calibration of the model with experimental data and comparative study with buildings that use different wall constructions. Based on a validated building thermal model, dynamic analysis is carried out in order to evaluate the impact of thermal mass and of eaves and night ventilation. The results demonstrate that cooling energy demand is more affected by thermal transmittance values than by the envelope thermal mass. A recommended guideline for the optimum overhang length for southfacing windows is proposed. Ultimately, it is found that the combination of both natural ventilation and horizontal shading devices improves thermal comfort for occupants and significantly reduces cooling energy demand.
Natural ventilation and passive cooling for energy efficiency of residential
Technologies and control systems are now available to significantly reduce the Energy demand, still maintaining excellent indoor comfort conditions. In Mediterranean climate, controlled natural or hybrid ventilation is particularly effective in the reduction of energy consumption and in the improvement of Indoor Air Quality, even in winter and in intermediate seasons . IAQ represents a major problem, especially in new buildings with highly airtight envelopes.
2017
The thermal performance of a greenhouse-type building provided with a living plant canopy was evaluated in Northern Italy during summer. Four reduced scale buildings with different types of covering were tested. The first type was the reproduction of a gable roof covered with 40 mm-thick sandwich panels (SAND), a widespread solution for dairy barns in temperate climates, used as control. Two roofs were reproductions of a Venlo-type greenhouse covered with a 0.2 mm-thick transparent EVA film equipped with either a reflective shading screen with 70% shading level (TRA+SHA) or with a living plant canopy (TRA+PLA). The last type of roof consisted of the living plant canopy alone (PLA). Plant canopies were made up of climbing plants (Trachelospermum jasminoides) with an average LAI of 1.39 m m. Data were analysed with mixed linear models for repeated measures. Fixed effects tested were roof type and the interaction of roof type and time of the day. Internal temperature in TRA+SHA (22.60 ...
6th International Conference in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Environmental Engineering for Sustainable Infrastructure Development (CEAESID-2015), 2015
Green building concept, in broader terms, involves a building, which is designed, built, operated, maintained or reused with objectives to protect occupant health, improve employee productivity, use wisely natural resources and reduce the environmental impact. It contributes towards lower development costs, lower operating costs, increased comforts, healthier indoor environment quality, and enhanced durability and less maintenance costs. Buildings consume approximately 40% to 50% of total produced primary energy globally. Increasing use of technology & need of thermal comfort with luxury has led to an increasing demand for Cooling in composite. Cooling thus accounts for a significant proportion of the total energy consumption in buildings, and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions is enhanced by the fact that these cooling systems are usually electrically driven and measure part of electrical energy produced in India is by conventional resources & fossil fuels. We have to accept the fact that before invention of mechanical means to provide comfort conditions, people used to make their dwellings in a way, which were comfortable to live in, and were dependent on passive means. but in present scenario people depend more on active means to achieve comfort conditions in their dwellings, and natural means to provide comfort conditions have thus been neglected which were used in past extensively. This paper deals with applicability of passive and low energy cooling technologies & ventilation techniques in the context of composite climate. These techniques are inspired our past. The conclusions arrived from this research suggest direction for further research to explore guidelines for designing green buildings for the present era and future world by following path toward our historic capital.