Wealth mobility in the United States: 1860–1870 (original) (raw)
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This paper uses data on real and personal property ownership collected in the 1870 Federal Census to explore factors influencing individual wealth accumulation and the aggregate distribution of wealth in the United States near the middle of the nineteenth century. Previous analyses of these data have relied on relatively small samples, or focused on population subgroups. By using the much larger sample available in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) we are able to disaggregate the data much more finely than has previously been possible allowing us to explore differences in inequality across space and between different population groups. The data provide strong support for the hypothesis that American industrialization during the nineteenth century resulted in increasing inequality in the distribution of wealth.
Journal of Income Distribution, 2000
Current estimates of long trends in the distribution of personal wealth in the United States combine a number of different studies. However, the trend estimates are open to challenge because of differences in methods of estimation between individual studies. In this article, a sample set from the 1860 census is analyzed and the distribution of wealth among different subsets of the population is described. Holding constant the method of estimation, we conclude that the apparent rise in inequality in the United States between 1774 and 1860, as measured using the Gini coefficient, is overstated by 0.1. D
Explorations in Economic History, 2008
This paper examines new data on wealth and wealth accumulation by blacks and whites in Calhoun County, South Carolina between 1910 and 1919. Despite focusing on a single county, the data utilized in this paper make it possible to explore property accumulation by southern blacks and whites in new ways. Unlike previous studies, this one provides information on both real quantities and dollar assessments. This breakdown reveals that the rapid accumulation of property by blacks was entirely real and not due in part to an increasingly discriminatory assessment policy. By merging the assessment data with individual-level census records, it is possible to examine how wealth and wealth accumulation were influenced by race, gender, age, occupation, and literacy. In particular, the effect of literacy on the wealth of black men in 1910 was found to be economically strong in high wealth quantiles but weak in low wealth quantiles. By 1919, the impact of literacy on the wealth of black men had become economically important across the board. Furthermore, literacy had a significant influence on the relative size of wealth accumulations but offered little protection against low accumulations.
2000
This paper assembles new data and new methods for studying wealth inequality trends in industrializing America. Records of household heads from the census matched with real and personal property tax records for Massachusetts reveal that the Theil entropy measure of inequality approximately doubled over the period from 1820 to 1910, a gain that was divided about evenly between the antebellum and the postbellum periods. A surge between 1870 and 1900 dominated the growth in inequality following the Civil War. Decompositions of changes in the Theil entropy measure reveal that during both periods, inequality was increasing due to the shift of the population out of rural areas and agriculture into urban areas where wealth was less equally distributed. But the increases in inequality were also due to increasing inequality within population groups. Between 1870 and 1910, inequality was growing within occupations, age groups, and the native-born population. Proposed labor market explanations, including sectoral shift that led to higher wages in non-agricultural relative to agricultural sectors, biased technological change, and immigration are inconsistent with the fact that inequality between occupational groups was declining in the last decades of the century. Wealth accumulation patterns by age are also inconsistent with the hypothesis of child default on responsibilities for old age care, at least during the second half of the nineteenth century. To explain the salient facts, we are led to propose a new explanation based on luck, rents and entrepreneurship.
The economic origins of the postwar southern elite
Explorations in Economic History
The U.S. Civil War destroyed a substantial fraction of southern wealth and emancipation transferred human capital to the formerly enslaved. The prevailing view of most economic historians is that the southern planter elite was able to retain its relative status despite these shocks. Previous studies have been hampered, however, by limits on the ability to link individuals between census years, and scholars have been forced to focus on persistence within one or a few counties. Recent advances in electronic access to the Federal Census manuscripts now make it possible to link individuals without these constraints. In this paper, we exploit the ability to search the full manuscript census to construct a sample that links top wealth holders in 1870 to their 1860 census records. Although there was an entrenched southern planter elite that retained their economic status, we find evidence that the turmoil of the 1860s opened greater opportunities for mobility in the South than was the case in the North, resulting in much greater turnover among wealthy southerners than among comparably wealthy northerners.
THE WEALTH MOBILITY OF MEN AND WOMEN DURING THE 1960s AND 1970s
Review of Income and Wealth - REV INCOME WEALTH, 2006
Research on poverty and inequality is dominated by cross-section studies that are useful but disguise change over time. Investigation of change requires longitudinal data, which are relatively rare and expensive. This paper researches wealth mobility in a national sample of 4,255 households monitored in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Older Men and of Mature Women from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s. Our measure of wealth is net family assets, excluding automobiles. We present descriptive measures and estimate econometric models of mobility, including persistence in the lower and the upper end of the wealth distribution, and movement into the upper and the lower end of the wealth distribution. The results place inequality measures in perspective and shed light on mechanisms that influence household wealth mobility. The gainers were farmers and those with skilled jobs or high levels of education, while groups that fell behind included single people, blacks, and families disrupte...
The Impact of the Civil War on Southern Wealth Holders
2016
We are grateful for comments by participants at the 2015 annual conferences of the Western Economic Association, the Society for Economic Measurement, the Economic History Association, and the 2015 NBER Summer Institute. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.