National Security, Risk, and the Politics of Precaution: Addressing the Military Role in Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (original) (raw)

Chapter 4: The Chemical Warfare Threat and the Military Healthcare Provider

1996

INTRODUCTION THE CHEMICAL THREAT AND ENEMY CAPABILITY THE STATUS OF CHEMICAL PROLIFERATION Chemical Warfare Capabilities of Nations International Agreements and Verification Terrorism MILITARY CHEMICAL AGENTS TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Chemical Agent Delivery Systems Physical Properties of Chemical Agents Strategic Concerns in the Use of Toxins Choice of Agent and Delivery System Detection and Protection RESPONDING TO THE THREAT: MANAGING CASUALTIES FUTURE CONFLICTS IN A CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT SUMMARY

Chemical substances on the frontiers of health security: Metrological controversies over endocrine disruptors and low doses

The issue of low doses already has a long history. Initially linked with radioactivity, it can be traced through a series of metrological controversies about the evaluation of health and environmental risks. Building on recent developments, including the increased public profile of endocrine disruptors, this article offers an exploration of the different epistemic logics at work in research environments and of the expertise brought to bear on low doses. Based on an analysis of documents, participant observation in groups of experts, and a series of interviews, it examines the cognitive support and techniques used by the actors, and the practicalities of what some of them have called a ‘paradigm shift’, leading to the redefinition of the concepts and tools of toxicology in the 21st century.

The Army and chemical weapons destruction: Implementation in a changing context

Policy Studies Journal, 1998

In 1985, Congress directed the Army to destroy the nation's stockpile of chemical weapons. The estimate was that this task could be accomplished by 1994 at a cost of 1.7billion.By1998,onlyaportionofthestockpilehasbeendestroyed,thedeadlineextendedto2007andtheestimatedcosthadrisentoapproximately1.7 billion. By 1998, only a portion of the stockpile has been destroyed, the deadline extended to 2007 and the estimated cost had risen to approximately 1.7billion.By1998,onlyaportionofthestockpilehasbeendestroyed,thedeadlineextendedto2007andtheestimatedcosthadrisentoapproximately16 billion. This paper discusses the factors underlying cost escalation and missed deadlines. It examines the diffusion of control over the implementation process surrounding the chemical weapons demilitarization (Chem Demil) program in the United States. Focusing on the role of the Army and its difficulties in adjusting strategies in the face of political change from the Cold War to the post-Cold War setting, it analyzes the course of implementation through three converging “streams of political activity.” What differentiates the federal, intergovernmental, and international stream are the nature an number of actors, and the type of pressures with which the Army must deal.

Chemical Substances on the Frontiers of Health Security. Metrological Controversies over Endocrine Disruptors and Low Doses (FC JD MF, 2013)

The issue of low doses already has a long history. Initially linked with radioactivity, it can be traced through a series of metrological controversies about the evaluation of health and environmental risks. Building on recent developments, including the increased public profile of endocrine disruptors, this article offers an exploration of the different epistemic logics at work in research environments and at the expertise brought to bear on low doses. Based on an analysis of documents, participative observation of groups of experts, and a series of interviews, it examines the cognitive support and techniques used by the actors, and the practicalities of what some of them called a "paradigm shift," leading to the redefinition of the concepts and tools of toxicology of the 21 st century.

A Conceptual Framework for Public Health Analysis of War and Defence Policy

International Journal of …, 2008

Concepts of national security and human security can be tenuously balanced in any assessment of the risks and benefits of defence development. In order to ensure an effective balance is maintained in the interests of both human and national security, new paradigms and research agendas for pre-event public health analysis of war and defence policy should be applied. This paper discusses traditional approaches to war and public health, and considers the benefits of a shift in public health focus from post-event emergency relief to pre-event analysis of war and defence policy. Three concepts of public health are applied to the analysis of defence policy-injury epidemiology, public health surveillance and social epidemiology. We conclude that a refocus on pre-event analysis will strengthen the role of public health in contributing to prevention of war and in the reorientation of defence planning towards the protection of human security and not only the state.

Chemical Terrorism: US Policies to Reduce the Chemical Terror Threat

2008

Past decades have witnessed a hardening of partisan divisions on national security and foreign policy, limiting productive debate and blocking effective action by Congress and the Executive Branch on critical policy issues. This rising partisanship has soured working relationships among policymakers and their counterparts across the aisle at all levels of government, and our national security and foreign policy discourse has

Missing Links: Understanding Sex- and Gender-Related Impacts of Chemical and Biological Weapons

2019

This publication offers an overview of existing literature relevant to understanding the linkages between gender and biological and chemical weapons; focusing on analyzing possible sex- and gender-specific effects of these weapons. It argues that sex- and gender-disaggregated data, as well as knowledge of gender perspectives, can contribute to States’preparedness and enhance the effectiveness of assistance under the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions. It proposes a gender-responsive approach to assistance, which can help States and their populations to become more resilient to and recover more rapidly from chemical or biological incidents.