Snake venom metalloproteinases: Structure, function and relevance to the mammalian ADAM/ADAMTS family proteins (original) (raw)
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Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs): A structure-function update
Toxicon: X, 2020
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) represent a diverse group of multi-domain proteins with several biological activities such as the ability to induce hemorrhage, proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Due to these activities, SVMPs are responsible for many of the well-known pathological phenotypes in snake envenomations caused particularly by species from the Viperidae family and the Crotalinae subfamily. These proteins have been classified based on their size and domain structure into P-I, P-II and P-III classes. Comparatively, members of the P-I SVMPs possess the simplest structures, formed by the catalytic metalloproteinase domain only; the P-II SVMPs are moderately more complex, having the canonical disintegrin domain in addition to the metalloproteinase domain; members of the P-III class are more structurally varied, comprising the metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like, and cysteine-rich domains. Proteolytic cleavage, repeated domain loss and presence of other ancillary domains are responsible for structural diversities in the P-III class. However, studies continue to unveil the relationship between the structure and function of these proteins. In this review, we recovered evidences from literature on the structural peculiarities and functional classification of Snake Venom Metalloproteinases. In addition, we reflect on diversities that exist among each class while taking into account specific and up-to-date class-based activities.
Journal of Structural Biology, 2010
The structures of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are proposed to be useful models to understand the structural and functional relationship of ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) which are membrane-anchored proteins involved in multiple human diseases. We have purified, sequenced and determined the structures of two new P-III SVMPs -atragin and kaouthiagin-like (K-like) from Naja atra. Atragin exhibits a known C-shaped topology, whereas K-like adopts an I-shaped conformation because of the distinct disulfide pattern in the disintegrin-like (D) domain. K-like exhibits an enzymatic specificity toward pro-TNFa with less inhibition of cell migration, but atragin shows the opposite effect. The specificity of the enzymatic activity is indicated to be dominated mainly by the local structures of SVMP in the metalloprotease (M) domain, whereas the hyper-variable region (HVR) in the cysteine-rich (C) domain is involved in a cell-migration activity. We demonstrate also a pH-dependent enzymatic activity of atragin that we correlate with the structural dynamics of a Zn 2+ -binding motif and the Met-turn based on the structures determined with a pH-jump method. The structural variations between the C-and I-shapes highlight the disulfide bond patterns in the D domain of the ADAM/adamalysin/reprolysins family proteins.
Protein Science, 2009
BaP1 is a 22.7-kD P-I-type zinc-dependent metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper, a medically relevant species in Central America. This enzyme exerts multiple tissue-damaging activities, including hemorrhage, myonecrosis, dermonecrosis, blistering, and edema. BaP1 is a single chain of 202 amino acids that shows highest sequence identity with metalloproteinases isolated from the venoms of snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. It has six Cys residues involved in three disulfide bridges (Cys 117-Cys 197, Cys 159-Cys 181, Cys 157-Cys 164). It has the consensus sequence H 142 E 143 XXH 146 XXGXXH 152 , as well as the sequence C 164 I 165 M 166 , which characterize the "metzincin" superfamily of metalloproteinases. The active-site cleft separates a major subdomain (residues 1-152), comprising four ␣-helices and a five-stranded -sheet, from the minor subdomain, which is formed by a single ␣-helix and several loops. The catalytic zinc ion is coordinated by the N 2 nitrogen atoms of His 142, His 146, and His 152, in addition to a solvent water molecule, which in turn is bound to Glu 143. Several conserved residues contribute to the formation of the hydrophobic pocket, and Met 166 serves as a hydrophobic base for the active-site groups. Sequence and structural comparisons of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic P-I metalloproteinases from snake venoms revealed differences in several regions. In particular, the loop comprising residues 153 to 176 has marked structural differences between metalloproteinases with very different hemorrhagic activities. Because this region lies in close proximity to the active-site microenvironment, it may influence the interaction of these enzymes with physiologically relevant substrates in the extracellular matrix.
Toxins, 2022
Disintegrin-like/cysteine-rich (DC) proteins have long been regarded just as products of proteolysis of P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). However, here we demonstrate that a DC protein from the venom of Vipera ammodytes (Vaa; nose-horned viper), VaaMPIII-3, is encoded per se by a P-III SVMP-like gene that has a deletion in the region of the catalytic metalloproteinase domain and in part of the non-catalytic disintegrin-like domain. In this way, we justify the proposal of the introduction of a new subclass P-IIIe of SVMP-derived DC proteins. We purified VaaMPIII-3 from the venom of Vaa in a series of chromatographic steps. A covalent chromatography step based on thiol-disulphide exchange revealed that VaaMPIII-3 contains an unpaired Cys residue. This was demonstrated to be Cys6 in about 90% and Cys19 in about 10% of the VaaMPIII-3 molecules. We further constructed a three-dimensional homology model of VaaMPIII-3. From this model, it is evident that both Cys6 and Cys19 can...
Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003
Two cDNAs encoding hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase acutolysin A and non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinase (BR) were cloned into the expression vector pET-22b, respectively, and the corresponding two recombinant proteins, A-22b and BR-22b, were produced in inclusion bodies in E. coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant proteins were then subjected to solubilization, purification and refolding in vitro. A-22b showed hemorrhagic activity but no detectable proteolytic activities toward fibrinogen and fibronectin. Natural acutolysin A had both hemorrhagic activity and proteolytic activity toward these substrates. BR-22b showed the proteolytic activities toward fibrinogen, but no hemorrhagic activity. In addition, two chimeric genes, C1 and C2, were constructed and cloned into pET-22b, and the corresponding recombinant proteins, C1-22b and C2-22b, were also expressed in inclusion bodies. C1-22b involved N-terminal 110 amino acids of BR and C-terminal 95 amino acids of acutolysin A, while C2-22b contained N-terminal 108 amino acids of acutolysin A and C-terminal 112 amino acids of BR. The biological activities of C2-22b and C1-22b were similar to those of A-22b and BR-22b, respectively. Our results suggested that N-terminal major subdomain of a snake venom metalloproteinase might play a key role in hemorrhagic activity and have an appreciable effect on the selectivity for protein substrates.
Journal of molecular graphics & modelling, 2007
Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) embody zinc-dependent multidomain enzymes responsible for a relevant pathophysiology in envenomation, including local and systemic hemorrhage. The molecular features responsible for hemorrhagic potency of SVMPs have been associated with their multidomains structures which can target these proteins them to several receptors of different tissues and cellular types. BjussuMP-I, a SVMP isolated from the Bothrops jararacussu venom, has been characterized as a P-III hemorrhagic metalloprotease. The complete cDNA sequence of BjussuMP-I with 1641bp encodes open reading frames of 547 amino acid residues, which conserve the common domains of P-III high molecular weight hemorrhagic metalloproteases: (i) pre-pro-peptide, (ii) metalloprotease, (iii) disintegrin-like and (iv) rich cysteine domain. BjussuMP-I induced lyses in fibrin clots and inhibited collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. We are reporting, for the first time, the primary structure of...
Biological Activities and Assays of the Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs)
Venom Genomics and Proteomics, 2016
Snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP) are a key group of enzymes abundant in Viperidae venoms. Structurally, secreted SVMPs are typically organized into three main groups based on the presence or absence of domains: PI-which contains only a metalloproteinase domain; PII-includes also a disintegrin domain; and PIII-in addition to the first two domains, possesses a cysteine-rich domain. Diverse functions have been described to this group of proteases including their well-known hemorrhagic activity. Fibrin(ogen)olysis, prothrombin activation, interaction and lysis of von Willebrand factor, cytotoxicity, obstruction of angiogenesis, interference with platelet aggregation, myotoxicity, and proinflammatory
Biochimie, 2008
Two homologous P-III hemorrhagic metalloproteinases were purified from Russell's viper venoms from Myanmar and Kolkata (eastern India), and designated as daborhagin-M and daborhagin-K, respectively. They induced severe dermal hemorrhage in mice at a minimum hemorrhagic dose of 0.8e0.9 mg. Daborhagin-M specifically hydrolyzed an Aa-chain of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in vitro. Analyses of its cleavage sites on insulin chain B and kinetic specificities toward oligopeptides suggested that daborhagin-M prefers hydrophobic residues at the P 1 , P 1 0 , and P 2 0 positions on the substrates. Of the eight Daboia geographic venom samples analyzed by Western blotting, only those from Myanmar and eastern India showed a strong positive band at 65 kDa, which correlated with the high risk of systemic hemorrhagic symptoms elicited by Daboia envenoming in both regions. The full sequence of daborhagin-K was determined by cDNA cloning and sequencing, and then confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 27 P-IIIs revealed the co-evolution of two major P-III classes with distinct hemorrhagic potencies, and daborhagin-K belongs to the most hemorrhagic subclass. By comparing the absolute complexity profiles between these two classes, we identified four structural motifs probably responsible for the phylogenetic subtyping and hemorrhagic potencies of P-III SVMPs.