Роль ценностей, присущих культурному наследию, в сфере его охраны (original) (raw)
New stages of development of modern science in Ukraine and EU countries, 2019
Modern issues of the cultural heritage protection, as well as the ensuring legitimate turnover of artworks and antiquities, necessitate recourse to the historical and legal experience. The aim of the research is to make a holistic review of the basic regulations of post-revolutionary Russia, from Russian Empire's collapse in 1917 to the new state creationthe Soviet Union in 1922, in the field of antiquities and artworks, in order to identify the fundamental direction of cultural property protection in Eastern Europe. This paper provides the comprehensive overview of all normative acts in the field of the cultural heritage in the designated chronological period (namely, twelve acts). Using the chronological method of historical and legal research the material of the article is presented in order of adoption at the legislative level. Legislative overview makes it possible to highlight notable features of the designated period as 1) the priority of the cultural property transfer to their historic homeland (namely the acts concerning the return of cultural inheritance to Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania); 2) creation of the accounting base, which is regarded as a balanced approach with the expectation of the further development; 3) multilevel structure of state bodies for the protection and preservation of art and antiquities at national and local levels (ensuring the modern principle of subsidiarity); 4) consolidation of the ethical value of art and antiquities at the legislative level. The security and ethical functions can be distinguished qua two principal vectors of the post-revolutionary activity on the protection of artworks and antiquities. Coincidently, certain negative factors and the dual nature of the above-mentioned goals of the then government were singled out.
2015
Preface Nowadays, responsibility for the heritage, broadly understood as human and environmental coexistence, is the most important challenge of humanity. The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage proclaimed in 1972 by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) reinforced and popularized the Western thought that divided the nature and the culture, which had its beginning in the thought of Enlightenment (MacCormack and Strathern 1980). The nature vs. culture dichotomy, understood as contrasting those two qualities, had huge consequences often depreciating the value of the one for the another. In Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention (UNESCO 2005), the criteria allowing for qualifying properties as examples of cultural or natural heritage were defined. Sandra Pannell lists definitions of cultural heritage we can find in Convention as ‘‘monuments’, ‘groups of buildings’ and ‘sites’, the last ones being the ‘works of man or the combined works of nature and of man’’ (Panell 2006). Definitions of natural heritage are put as ‘‘physical and biological formations’, ‘habitats of threatened species’ and ‘natural sites or natural areas’, which are of ‘outstanding universal value’ from the point of view of science, conservation and/or aesthetics’’(Panell 2006). We can also find ‘mixed heritage’ understood as combination of cultural and natural ones. Nowadays UNESCO proclaims a new way of understanding heritage, a new vision which ‘strives to recognize and protect sites that are outstanding demonstrations of human coexistence with the land as well as human interactions, cultural coexistence, spirituality and creative expression’ (UNESCO 2008). That approach wins more and more supporters not only in the scientific world but also in people all over the world. The discussed process is taking place on numerous planes. Starting from the discussion of specialists on universal values and defining the basic notions, through changes in legal regulations e.g.: connected to implementation of the European Landscape Convention, which is to be accepted by every signing country, to a purely social plane connected with popularization of a new way of understanding, viewing and protecting the Heritage. The term ‘Cultural landscape’ is the actual sample of such a new thinking, and therefore we have decided to focus mostly on the elements of cultural landscape. The subject, approached from various perspectives, from a theoretical (defining and situating cultural landscape in the social space) to a practical one (revitalizations of historically and culturally valuable objects, the value of which forms the identity of the region, winning the sources of financing), from the municipal (examples of Cittaslow towns, urban parks, or ‘The Holy Cemetery’ in Romania) to the rural one (‘Village Renewal’), from a French (an excellent sample of the Parc Naturel Régional de la Brenne ) to a Polish one (examples of Warmia and Mazury, as well as Podlasie) constitutes the first part and the core of this publication. The further part deals with the subjects connected with difficult/dissonant heritage basing on the example of Warmia and Mazury, where, due to political and historical conditions, the regional cultural landscape was subjected to ideologization in favour of Polish raison d’état. The authors have presented how important and more and more common it is in that ‘difficult’ environment to discover and build identity of a human being based on the heritage of the region. The final part of the following monograph discusses particular actions taken by various organizational units (the University, societies, funds) to put theory into practice. We let those who make that theory work in practice speak. Launching the cultural and natural studies as well as the Centre for Cultural and Natural Heritage at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, together with work of specific people in associations and organizations show us how important it is to be aware of and to take care for the cultural heritage and what difficult this work it is. The collected examples, however, prove that it may be done successfully. We realize that we have not discussed in this publication numerous important issues and areas of heritage or we have not devoted as much time to them as they deserve. Our intention is to inspire with the expertise and experience of this book as much people, organizations, and self-governments to notice the cultural and natural heritage and to take measures for its protection. The international exchange of experiences presented in this publication would not be possible without personal involvement by the authorities of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, the Association France-Pologne de l'Indre and the management of the Parc Naturel Régional de la Brenne. We believe that that every initiative to be born under the influence of this publication, which aims at showing how it is possible to take care together for heritage understood according to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre as ‘our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. They are our touchstones, our points of reference, our identity’ (UNESCO 2008), is to serve well for the local societies building, at the same time, a relation with the place of living. M. Śliwa, K. Glińska-Lewczuk
Some Considerations on the Evolving Concepts of Cultural Heritage
ILIRIA International Review, 2014
The history of the property as general heritage and access to the entire society is a phenomenon which took matter during the French Revolution, where the entire heritage, especially of museums, should be considered as a public possession of all, in order to disseminate knowledge to all. In the Albanian context, the history to this heritage and the awareness took place in other circumstances, given the history and various developments in Albania. Given such circumstances, our analysis will be focused on the historical development and attention to national heritage, which was propagated at the same time as raising and awareness of missing values. These values have been attempt in different ways and related and have also changed during years of totalitarian period and then with the change of the political system.The paper tries to bring an overview of holistic term of culture heritage including museum law interpretation as part of cultural heritage legislation.
Cultural Values and their Reception: Exploring the Case of Cultural Heritage
Culture and Values, 2024
In the debates of value-theory, it is often assumed that the problem of relativism is to be addressed in a general way, taking moral values as archetype of values. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a differentiation of this debate by facing the problem of relativism in terms of a specific kind of values, namely that of cultural values ascribed to heritage. It shall be shown that by involving both cultural and value-dimensions, the case of cultural heritage does require an approach more open to historical change and cultural differences. After elaborating the various aspects of cultural heritage, some features of cultural values and their experience are to be described. Discussing the problems of radical absolutist and relativist approaches, I will defend a ‘middle way’ that is able to articulate the historicity and cultural diversity of our reception of heritage and its values without giving up the idea of an irreducibility of value-phenomena: Such a view has to recognise the culturally produced character of objects of heritage, the culturally mediated nature of our experience of its values and finally the specific feature of cultural values, whose realisation is interwoven with cultural acts of recognition and collective identification.
The Soviet State and Heritage Policies
website of Russian Program hosted at the George Washington's Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (IERES), 2023
The piece is a part of a short series of two articles that traces the origins and the subsequent evolution of the conceptualization of cultural heritage that underpins its contemporary definitions and conservation practices in Russia. The first part of the series is devoted to the conceptualization of heritage during the Soviet era so as to provide a concise exposition of the defining features of that approach, which remains relevant in the contemporary context.
Preservation and Protection of the Cultural Heritage of Religious Purposes in Ukraine
KOŚCIÓŁ I PRAWO, 2021
The article deals with the current issues of preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of religious purpose in Ukraine at the modern stage and attempts to formulate legal problems and propose their solutions. The authors conclude that the proper preservation and protection of cultural heritage is fraught with the following legal obstacles. The first is the question of terminological certainty, the question of the unification of concepts. The second problem is the revision of the classification of landmarks into species and the separation of such species as religious landmarks (religious and church-life). The third problem is the lack of a generalized methodology for determining the modes of use and monitoring of the landmark depending on its type and kind, as well as the imperfection of legislation governing administrative liability for violations of cultural heritage.
Inheritance and Identity of Cultural Heritage
Advances in Literary Study, 2014
Generally the community describe the “cultural heritage” such as historic, artistic, scientific and traditional. These definitions often coincide with the attribution of “value” and “identity”. Many answers about what could be “cultural heritage” are explained as a set together with their specific value, such as landscape and architecture of high artistic value and historic materials of scientific value. In contrast it is not possible to rely on this generality of definitions. The reality shows that the definition of value of “cultural heritage” changes in relation to the person, culture, geography, social and economic conditions. In other words, in relation to the person, the standpoint of value of “cultural heritage” is different according to each category, such as ruins, works of art, historic cities and gardens, and it is rare that one category simultaneously holds many of such values. It is believed that there are no words or phrases that comprehensively explain the various values that prescribe “cultural heritage”. Therefore in defining “cultural heritage” its values not must be specifically expressed as historic, artistic, scientific and others, but should be left in a way that can correspond also to the concept of a “cultural heritage” the significance of identity and of inheritance. Define the value of cultural heritage means to analyze the identity of the site and its contents of inheritance. The concepts of value and inheritance analyzed here are not related to economic considerations. Differently these concepts are analyzed with reference to scientific theories of A.K. Sen, M. W Feldman and L. Cavalli-Sforza. In fact this paper proposes a reflection on these concepts with the support of interdisciplinary studies.
Center for Conservation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia
Economy of eastern Croatia – yesterday, today, tommorow, 2015
This paper aims to define the Centre for intangible cultural heritage of Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia in the context of the safeguarding of speeches, customs and historical and traditional cultural resources. Intangible cultural heritage of the Republic of Croatia is endangered and it is becoming extinct due to the influence of a number of factors. Since the formulation of the 1999 Act on the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Objects, intangible cultural heritage has been under special protection as objects of interest to the Republic of Croatia. Today, intangible cultural heritage is the subject of expert and scientific research, but it also concerns economic activities. Therefore, the establishment of the Centre for the conservation of intangible cultural heritage is extremely important for Eastern Croatia. The goal of the Centre is to document as many immaterial objects in one place, and through its marketing activities (for example quality promotion) also increase interest...
Conflicts of the heritage: mapping values of immovable cultural heritage in Kaunas downtown area
Art History & Criticism, 2016
The article focuses on the process of defining the value of the immovable heritage of Kaunas downtown (Naujamiestis) area. This urban landscape is protected by the national law of Lithuania. However, the official value of the site also includes 45 buildings marked with European heritage label (EHL). Besides, there are aspirations to inscript modern architecture of Kaunas on the UNESCO World heritage list. The main objective of the article is to discuss how these official layers of values correspond with expectations of the heritage community. Academic and doctrinal texts on cultural heritage widely acknowledged the importance of the community in the process of value definition. This aspect is especially important when speaking about the heritage of the 20 th century. Majority of these buildings that were announced as a cultural heritage directly affect daily activities of the heritage community. After comparing some instruments official institutions and heritage community use for the value definition, it can be declared that in such complex territories as Kaunas downtown, all actions on the value definition have to be based on research. One of the tasks of such research should be a comprehensive map of values combining expectations of official institutions and the heritage community. The article was prepared within the framework of project "Heritage as a conflict: the shift between modernist and after-modernist concepts of heritage in Lithuania" financed by the program of the Researcher teams' projects of Research Council of Lithuania (Agreement no. MIP-028/2015).
Department of Legal Studies Research Group - Unisalento
The research unit on the project "Culture as a good and as a medium. New categories of heritage and forms of its protection and enhancement" aims to reflect on the evolution of the concept of cultural heritage, taking as a reference the analyses developed in the humanistic and social disciplines together with the formal elaboration that has been developed in the legal field. The concept of heritage, in fact, has had a changing understanding over time which has led to an enrichment of the categories that compose it.