Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction (original) (raw)

Potential beneficial uses of steel slag wastes for civil engineering purposes

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1991

Large tonnages of slag wastes are produced in the iron and steel industry and space for dumping them has become a problem.-Any means of utilizing the slag would be welcome. Although blast furnace slags are known to be widely used in the manufacture of cement , the use of steel slags for civil engineering purposes has not been given much encouragement in the literature. This communication reports efforts to assist the Nigerian steel industry to ease the problem of waste disposal. An effort has been made to make their slag potentially useful in civil engineering with, hopefully, some revenue earned from the disposal of the now unwanted material.

Steel Slag and Waste Management

Key Engineering Materials, 2004

Steel slag is a waste material produced during the process of steel making. For many years, a large amount of steel slag was deposited in slag storing yards, occupied farmland, silted rivers and polluted the environment. Many steel plants in the world have already taken up innovative waste recycling technologies with the ultimate objective of 100% recycling. There is much to be improved in using steel slags in Turkey. The comprehensive utilization of steel slag is important for environmental protection and resource reuse in Turkey and abroad. It is clear that steel slag must meet appropriate performance specifications before being adopted for a particular application. The aim of the present research was to characterize steel slag from a Turkish company and compare to the steel slags from various countries. Application possibilities have been sought by comparing properties to the other steel slags.

Overview of Steel Slag Application and Utilization

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

Significant quantities of steel slag are generated as waste material or byproduct every day from steel industries. Slag is produced from different types of furnaces with different operating conditions. Slag contains Ferrous Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Silica etc. Physical and chemical properties of slag are affected by different methods of slag solidification such as air cooled, steam, and injection of additives. Several material characterization methods, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) are used to determine elemental composition in the steel slag. Therefore, slags can become one of the promising materials in various applications such as in transportation industry, construction, cement production, waste water and water treatment. The various applications of steel slag indicate that it can be reused and utilized rather than being disposed to the landfill. This paper presents a review of its applications and utilization

Use of Steel Slag in Subgrade Applications

2009

Steel slag is a by-product of steelmaking and refining processes. In 2006, 10-15 million metric ton of steel slag was generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement construction and approximately 15-40% is stockpiled in steel plants and eventually landfilled at slag disposal sites. Since current levels of steel slag stockpiling and landfilling are not sustainable, alternative geotechnical engineering applications for steel slag are being explored to alleviate the slag disposal problem and to help save dwindling natural resources. The main objectives of this research were to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of two types of steel slag generated from different steelmaking operations and to assess their potential use in subgrade stabilization and embankment construction. Samples of fresh and aged basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) slag and of fresh electric-arc-furnace-ladle (EAF(L)) slag were characterized through a series of laboratory tests (specific gravity, grain-size analysis, X-ray diffraction, compaction, maximum and minimum density, large-scale direct shear, consolidated drained triaxial and swelling tests). The effects of gradation on the engineering properties of both fresh and aged steel slag samples were also investigated. Various mixtures of steel slag [BOF and EAF(L)] and Class-C fly ash were also investigated. The mixtures were prepared by adding 5 and 10% Class-C fly ash (by weight) to aged BOF slag and 5, 10 and 20% Class-C fly ash (by weight) to fresh EAF(L) slag. Unconfined compression tests were performed after various curing times to evaluate the strength gain characteristics of the mixtures. Long-term swelling tests were performed for compacted mixtures of both fresh and aged BOF slag and 10% Class-C fly ash (by weight) and for compacted mixtures of fresh EAF(L) slag and 5, 10 and 20% Class-C fly ash (by weight). The effect of adding 10% ground rubber (by weight) to fresh and aged BOF slag on the long-term swelling behavior of the mixtures was also investigated. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of BOF slag were in the ranges of 4-8% and 19.5-21.8 kN/m 3 , respectively. The critical-state friction angle of fresh and aged BOF slags was in the 45.3°-48.1° range according to large-scale direct shear test results. Based on isotropically consolidated drained triaxial test (CIDTX) results, the peak friction angles of aged BOF slag (with minus 9.5 mm gradation) samples prepared at 90% relative compaction were equal to 47.3°, 45.2° and 43.5° at effective confining stresses of 50, 110 and 200 kPa, respectively. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of EAF(L) slag were in the ranges of 10-13% and 16.8-20.0 kN/m 3 , respectively. The critical-state friction angle of fresh EAF(L) slag was equal to approximately 40.6° according to large-scale direct shear tests results. Compacted mixtures of both Class-C fly ash and BOF slag and of Class-C fly ash and EAF(L) slag showed excellent strength gain properties with time. Results of the long-term swelling tests on steel slag and Class-C fly ash mixtures showed that the addition of 10% Class-C fly ash suppresses the swelling of both BOF and EAF(L) slag samples to negligible levels. .

Utilization of Locally Produced Steel Slag as Building Material

ICMIME, 2019

An experimental program was carried out to investigate the possibilities of making non-fired brick by utilizing locally produced electric arc furnace slag and induction furnace slag. To assist the study, sample bricks were made with varying forming pressure, slag percentage and curing time to find out their effect on the mechanical properties i.e. compressive strength and water absorption capacity. Then the tested values were compared with traditional fired clay brick and the result shows superior values which indicates that EAF and IF slag could be a viable replacement for traditional fired clay brick. Such recycling could be a solution of ever increasing slag generation and disposal problem in our country. Another significant insight of the study is that, as we used the non-fired way in manufacturing, it helps in saving energy and natural resources as well as the environment.

Review on the innovative uses of steel slag for waste minimization

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2018

Piles of steel slag, a solid waste generated from the iron and steel industry, could be seen due to no utility found for the past century. Steel slag has now gained much attention because of its new applications. The properties of slag greatly influence its use and thus had got varied applications. The chemical composition of steel slag varies as the mineral composition of raw material such as iron ore and limestone varies. This paper reviews the characteristics of steel slag and its usage. The paper reviews recent developments in well-known applications to the steel slag such as aggregate in bituminous mixes, cement ingredient, concrete aggregate, antiskid aggregate, and rail road ballast. This paper also reviews novel uses such as mechanomutable asphalt binders, building material, green artificial reefs, thermal insulator, catalyst and ceramic Ingredient. The review is also done on utilization of solid waste for waste management by the novel methods like landfill daily cover material, sand capping, carbon sequestration, water treatment and solid waste management. Review also shows recovery of pure calcium carbonate and heavy metals from slag, providing opportunity for revenue generation. Steel slag once traded as free to use by steel industries is now sold in the market at some price. Its utilization is of great economic significance as it also contributes to the reduction of solid waste.

Utilization of iron and steel slag in building construction

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES FOR CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURES (SMSCI2019), 2019

The production of cement results in emission of greenhouse gases in atmosphere. The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of disposing the industrial waste sustainably. The usage of complementary cementitious leads to several possible improvements and enhancement in the concrete composites, as well as the overall economy. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been constantly in use as cement replacement for sustainable infrastructure. GGBS is a waste product from the iron industry, which can be used as a substitute for cement. GGBS can be used as a substitute cementitious material, reducing cement consumption and reducing cost of construction. The use of industrial waste products saves the environment and conserves natural resources.The partial replacement of GGBS with cement has developed as an important alternative to conventional concrete and has quickly attracted the attention of the concrete industry through its savings in cement, energy savings, cost savings and environmental benefits and socioeconomic. The partial replacement of GGBS as a cementitious material to cement gives high compressive strength, low heat of hydration, resistance to chemical attack, improved workability, and good durability, environment friendly and cost-effective. Now days, iron and steel slag is used in many areas where its unique characteristics can be used effectively. Due to the growing environmental awareness, iron and steel slags are highly regarded as a recycled material that can reduce environmental impacts due to their conservation and the saving of resources. The increase in the demand for concrete ingredients is satisfied with the partial replacement by waste products that are obtained through various industries. Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slag is a waste generated during the production of steel. This waste is disposed in the form of landfills that cause a large amount of land contamination. Therefore, to meet the growing demand to protect the natural environment, especially in construction areas, the need to use this waste is very important. Therefore, replacing some natural aggregates with steel slag would result in considerable environmental benefits. Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) results in production of GGBS which is a by-product of iron industry and have the potential to replace cement in concrete.Thus, this study explores the use of GGBS and SMS slag as partial replacement to cement and coarse aggregate respectively. Further the study is extended by making a plan of residential building on AUTOCAD in which green concrete containing 55% of GGBS and 50% of SMS as partial replacement to cement and coarse aggregate respectively has been executed. The cost analysis of the building is carried out, which has helped in curtailing the cost of concrete by 22.61%.

Steel Slag as A Road Construction Material

Jurnal Teknologi, 2015

Steel slag is a byproduct obtained from steel industry. It is generated as a residue during the production of steel. Because of the high disposal cost as a waste material and the overall positive features of steel slag, it has been declared a useful construction material, not an industrial waste by most of the developed countries. Successively, it is recycled as an aggregate for the construction of roads, soil stabilization, and base and for the surfacing of flexible pavement. Despite this, a large amount of steel slag generated from steel industries is disposed of in stockpiles to date. As a result, a large area of land is being sacrificed for the disposal of this useful resource. Many researchers have investigated the use of steel slag as an aggregate in the design of asphalt concrete for the road construction. The best management option for this by product is its recycling. This leads to reduction of landfills reserved for its disposal, saving the natural resources and attaining a potential environment. The purpose of this paper is to review the engineering properties of steel slag and its utilization for road construction in different ways.