Extraction, Characterization, and Chitosan Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds from Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica L., and Mitragyna speiosa K (original) (raw)
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African Journal of Biotechnology, 2022
The study was carried out to produce a microcapsule powder of total flavonoids and total total phenols of methanol extract of the cashew, using a complex coacervation encapsulation method. In the search for optimal conditions for encapsulation, a three level factorial design was set up, while taking into account factors like time and proportions in Arabic gum and gelatin. The kinetic of encapsulation follows a kinetic of 2 nd order which gives polynomial equations of the second degree. The conditions found are respectively 45 min, 30% Arabic gum and 70% gelatin, for an encapsulation yield is 84.37%; the encapsulation rate is 77.9% for the total flavonoids and 76.5% for the total phenols. The powder obtained has a doubled concentration in total flavonoids and total phenols than the raw bark powder.
Melissa officinalis extraction with nanoencapsulation By chitosan as an ecofriendly compound
Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 2022
The bioactive compounds in extracts are prone to degradation by oxidation, heat, or light. Nanoencapsulation is one of the best techniques to keep the properties of these chemical compounds. The aim of this study was the extraction of Melissa officinalis (MO) and nanoencapsulation of the extract via chitosan as a biodegradable polymer. In this research, extraction of MO was investigated using various extraction methods and nanoencapsulation with MO extract was carried out via ionic gelation technique. The effectiveness of the extracts was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and extraction efficiency of the solid contents. The highest efficiency was achieved for microwave-assisted extraction with the utmost values in each parameter. (TSC) was 22.81% and amounts of the TPC and antioxidant activity were 311.94 mg Gallic acid and 36 mg diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) per 1g of the plant, respectively. Morphology study by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) indicated spherical shape nanoparticles with a diameter of 25nm. The size of the nanoparticles was evaluated by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique for various concentrations of the used extracts in the encapsulation process. For 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg /mL concentration, mean diameters were 24, 118, and 145 nm, respectively. Results indicated that microwave-assisted extraction was the best extraction method for MO and the encapsulation of MO extract could be created successfully with different particle sizes for the protection of bioactive compounds. Since MO is a beneficial herbal plant, the development of this research is recommended.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
Antioxidant is a substance that reduces damage due to oxygen, that caused by free radicals. The recent research focuses on searching the natural sources of antioxidant and the synthetic antioxidant are restricted due to their carcinogenicity. Chia (Saliviahispanica) are versatile herb as well as spice, and the seeds are shine due to their high amount of antioxidant that help to protect delegate fats in the seed. In the present study, the mucilage extraction of chia seed was prepared by method of Box-Behnn experimental design and the qualitative chemical tests carried out for the identification of the nature of phyto-constituents present in chia. Free radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity were identified and it includes Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), Total Phenolic Content (TPC), DPPH and Total Antioxidant Content (TAC) was analyzed. The total antioxidant activity was performed according to Ferrick Thiocyanate method. At the 50µg/ml concentration of chia were found to be 0.28µg/ml of phenolic, 1.23mg of orientin, 2.78mg of vicenin, 1.7mg of vitamin C respectively. The chia had effective total antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Chia is good antioxidant potential with enlightened total phenolic and flavonoid content in management of cholesterol reduction and heart protection. The common dosage recommendation is 20gm of chia seed per day. Based on this properties, the present study was undertaken in such a way to utilize and explore the health benefits.
Microencapsulation Methanol Extract of Solanum Muricatum Aiton by Using Chitosan
2018
Methanol extract of Solanum muricatum Aiton has been microencapsulated by chitosan using solvent evaporation method. This research aims is to determine whether chitosan can coat its extract and see morphology microcapsule by use SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Ratio w/w between extract and chitosan namely F1 (1:0.75), F2 (1:1.0), F3 (1:1.25). Characterized microcapsules F2, F3 and empty microcapsule were showed the diameter 78.8-204, 88.6-182, and 24.3-82.7 μm, successively. The F1 microcapsule could not be analyzed because the leakage of layer might be expected as underlying factor. Microcapsule morphology is determine as matrice type, which the cores are spread homogeny in one layer shell.
Foods, 2021
The by-products generated from the processing of fruits and vegetables (F&V) largely are underutilized and discarded as organic waste. These organic wastes that include seeds, pulp, skin, rinds, etc., are potential sources of bioactive compounds that have health imparting benefits. The recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-waste by recycling them to generate functional food products is of increasing interest. However, the sensitivity of these compounds to external factors restricts their utility and bioavailability. In this regard, the current review analyses various emerging technologies for the extraction of bioactives from organic wastes. The review mainly aims to discuss the basic principle of extraction for extraction techniques viz. supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction. It provides insights into the strengths of microencapsulation techniques adopted ...
Extraction and Encapsulation of Polyphenols from Guava Leaves
2016
Ultrasound has been an extraction technique received much attention in recent years. This technique is proven to be able to increase extraction efficiency, shorten extraction time and maintain the activity of antioxidants especially polyphenols. Liquid state of the antioxidant mixture after extraction reduces the application of extracts containing bioactive compounds. This is due to the rapid decline in activity over time and higher transport costs for the liquid extracts with a large amount of water. Therefore, this study was focused on extraction process assisted by microwave to obtain the guava extracts and capsulated these extracts by the suitable carrier to remain the polyphenol activity. It could be seen that microwave was a potential method to extract the polyphenols in comparison with solid-liquid extraction. The cell structure of plant materials was significantly destroyed by microwave in order to release more polyphenols from inner parts of guava leaves. The total phenolic...
Encapsulation Techniques of Nutraceutical Extracts and Factors Influencing the Processes -A Review
IJRAR22C1854, 2022
Plant extracts contain numerous functional and nutritional components such as polyphenols, antioxidants, tannins, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, folic acid, and other vitamins. These compounds when delivered into our gut might result in antiinflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-infective, anti-ailment, anti-proliferative, anticancer, and antimicrobial functions. To preserve these components, the spray drying technique has been adopted as the most rational approach for heuristic processing and storage. Unfortunately, all these compounds are very much delicate since they are thermodegradative, photodegradative, and highly prone to oxidative damage during processing and long-term storage. Hence to protect their functionality, certain food-grade biopolymers like gelatin, gum arabic, maltodextrin, whey protein isolate, arrowroot starch, chitosan, and alginate are incorporated with them. These polymers embed those bioactive components and preserve their functional aspects during spray drying. They also aid in the controlled release of the encapsulated core compounds while they are passing down the digestive tract hence cater the target compounds.
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021
Background: Phenolic compounds are one of the main groups of secondary metabolites responsible for multiple biological and pharmacological properties that play a vital role in improving human health quality. Encapsulation by spray dryer creates protection toward the phenolic compounds as an efficient way for increasing product performance. Method: The phenolic compounds of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (SKH) and S. rechingeri Jamzad (SRH) were enriched based on adsorbent resin column chromatography and the enrichment index was confirmed by HPLC-UV analysis. Gum Arabic, carboxylated chitosan, and pectin with the optimum percentage of 1% w/w used to encapsulate SKH and SRH by the spray drying technique. Result: Encapsulation yield was 38.18 – 59.00 %, particle size ranged 2.278 - 4.689 µm, and release time was between 4.08 - 82.08 min. The gum Arabic-based capsules showed the fastest and pectin-based revealed the slowest release time. The best statistical model explained a release mech...
Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization
Pharmacognosy Journal
Macaranga is a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae which comprises of about three hundred species. It is present in some parts of the world which include Indonesia, some parts of Africa, Madagascar, Asia, the east coast of Australia and the Pacific islands. 7-15 The Macaranga gigantea plants are known to be in the form of shrubs or trees and grow in places with optimum sunlight, secondary forests or forests that have been destroyed. Macaranga gigantea plants show several bioactivity which include antitumor, anticancer, antimalaria, antimicrobes, ABSTRACT Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA 1 , FA 2 , FA 3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB 1 , FB 2 , FB 3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (% EE) was categorized as good because the value were ≥ 80% to which 85.978% (FA 3) and 88.992% (FB 3). SEM picture of FA 3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC 50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.