Terrorism from Durkheim's perspective: A Critical Analysis of Suicide Bombings in the pursuit of religious and societal control (original) (raw)
Related papers
Terrorism and its Lethal Imaginaries
“The conceptualizations of terrorism in a specific religious-centric approach may have serious ramifications. It is unfortunate that terrorism has been given a religious name and colour, terrorism is terrorism; it has no religion, caste or creed when terror strikes its victims are from all community. All forms of terrorism are criminal act and unjustifiable and therefore it has to be curbed. Any act which intended to create terror in the minds of group of persons, or general public may be form of terrorism. The problem of terrorism has become more multifaceted as instead of analyzing the root causes of terrorism, the political class, police and the media has been indulged into stigmatizing the minorities thus brandishing as Islamic terrorism. This research paper analyzed the methods of tackling the terrorism by the police and some glaring ground realities. The main thirst of the present paper is that the police must shun its biases against minorities while investigating the terror related cases. The purpose of this research paper was to analyze what are the root causes of terrorism, phenomenon of terrorist acts, and various strategies used to address the problem of terrorism and its effect on minorities and secular fabric of our nation. It is dangerous to suggest that a particular community or religion profess or propagate terrorism in any means.”
The reasons of suicide bombings and the counter strategies that can be applied
Suicide attacks, also known as ‘human bombs’, ‘suicide bombings’ and ‘suicide terrorism’ interchangeably, have become an international endemic, especially within the Middle East with terrorist groups such as the PKK and ISIL using it as a means to try fulfill their political goals being to setup an autonomous state. Suicide bombing attacks first coming to the forefront in the early 1980’s with Hezbollah and then reaching a ‘professional level’ with the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) has been on the increase recently. One country being a part of this painful process is Turkey. Within the last five months, three suicide attacks had taken place, one in Ankara and two in Istanbul with the latest attack being in Taksim (Milliyet Newspaper, 19 Mar. 2016). This paper hypothesizes that in order to pacify suicide terrorism attacks, root causes need to be analyzed first rather than applying a general concept of security, especially with means of ‘entrusting the streets to police officers’ (Haberturk Newspaper, 09 Mar. 2016). A long term strategy is needed internationally, rather than just tweaking and changing security procedures.
Maybe one of the least utilized disciplines in our ongoing efforts to better conceptualize terrorism has been sociology. Within the existing literature, it has been clearly visible that psychiatry, psychology, political science and social psychology, etc. accommodate a lot more researches and studies on terrorism than sociology. This article is a humble attempt to fill that gap using mostly macro level approaches and sociology's basic theoretical paradigms. Functionalism, conflict and symbolic interactionism were separately applied to the phenomenon of terrorism and the resulting arguments have been used to better understand it from a more sociological viewpoint. Moving from the unfortunate prerequisite suggesting terrorism as one of the inseparable aspects of our modern individual and social life, it has been established that with the sociological understanding of terrorism we will be able to effectively identify the underlying social reasons to it. This will pave the way for more effective long term solutions.
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-8 Issue-5C, May 2019 India, 2019
Terrorism is a recognized global phenomenon particularly in the 21st century. Its landscape is highly determined by the actors' changing and shifting nature as well as the pattern of the main battle field in Middle East and Afghanistan. As the most populous Muslim country in the world, Indonesia has experienced terrorist attacks especially since 2000 where multiple threats of bombing in several areas of the country had surfaced as the consequences of global terrorism's wide spread networks and ideological influences. However, the two most recent suicide bombings in Surabaya-East Java on May 13, 2018 and Sibolga-North Sumatera on March 13, 2019 strongly indicate a new pattern of woman's role in terrorism in Indonesia, shifting from passive to active. Utilizing these case studies and the technique of interpretative research, this paper aims to describe woman's role in terrorist suicide bombing action, particularly in the context of Indonesia's patriarchal culture. The finding shows a different role of woman in terrorism according to the differences of the various cultures. Therefore, this research fills the void of terrorism research particularly in Indonesia.
A Sociological Perspective To Suicide Bombing
2011
Orta Dogu’da Islam ile digerkâm intihar eylemleri arasindaki iliskileri anlamaya yonelik olan bu makalede ilk olarak Durkheim’in intihar eylemleri hakkindaki gorusleri ele alinacak. Ikinci olarak Islam’in intihar girisimleri hakkindaki ortodoks yorumlari incelenecek. Ucuncu olarak, ayni dinin bazi yerlerde intihar eylemlerini engellerken neden bazi bolgelerde bu eylerimi tesvik ettigini anlamak icin Geertz’in din hakkindaki dusuncelerine bakilacak. Dorduncu olarak, Orta Dogu’nun toplumsal ve siyasi ortaminin intihar eylemlerindeki katkisi tartisilacak. Son olarak Islam mi yok Orta Dogunun politik ve ictimai ortaminin bu eylemleri tesvik edip etmedigi munazarasi yapilacak.
The Phenomenon of Suicide Bombing
Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 2006
This article reviews the literature on the phenomenon of suicide bombing. It addresses the question of just how much a psychological understanding of the individuals involved can aid in prevention. The article looks at historical, epidemiological, and cultural perspectives and compares the nonpsychological and psychological approaches to suicide bombing. On the basis of the material available it seems that social processes such as group-dynamic indoctrination and political factors are decisive in analyzing this problem. Cultural, nationalistic, and religious factors are important. The conclusion is that in suicidal bombing, suicide is instrumental in the context of war, not in the context of psychopathology. Suicide bombing is instrumental in realizing fatalities, and it is only one of many weapons. The act of killing in warfare is more important to understanding suicidal terrorism than the act of suicide. This explains why psychological profiling of suicidal terrorists has to date not been successful.
This study aimed to find out more about the role of radical and extreme groups that were potentially caused terrorism and violence in Indonesia. This was qualitative research where the researcher came himself to the object and doing interview to the object, they are; the actors of terrorism, the family of the terrorist, government representative, and also society institution. On the other hand, the researcher also confirmed the data with many sources like Newspaper, Terrorism books and also the notification from the expert. As the findings, 89% of terrorism action in Indonesia caused by an extreme understanding of some Islamic religion group, so the volunteers acts of terrorism and violence carry out the mission that is desired by these extreme groups. Other findings, it turns out the government's role in prevention against extreme movements that given rise to acts of terrorism and violence was felt still very far from expectations, this can be seen from a public opinion that 20% less people feel the positive benefits of the efforts to prevent terrorism in Indonesia. As well as community care, only 40% of Indonesia who realize how important the prevention of extreme movements that can lead to acts of terrorism and violence in Indonesia. INTRODUCTION Terrorism is coordinated attacks aimed to generate the feeling of terror against a group of people. Unlike the war, acts of terrorism are not obeyed to the procedures of warfare such as execution time is always a sudden, random target and victims are often civilians. According to the contra-terrorism experts, The term of terrorist are refer to the perpetrators who are not member of the armed force or does not comply with the regulations of the armed forces. Acts of terrorism also implied that attacks of terrorist carried out inhumane and has no justification; therefore the perpetrators must be punished. Terrorism in the world is not a new thing, but it becomes particularly since the tragedy of World Trade Center (WTC) in New York, United States on September 11, 2001, known as the "September Grey", which took 3000 victims. This Attack carried out by air, not using combat aircraft, but used a commercial plane owned by U.S. So it was not caught by radar of the United States. The Three of United States commercial aircraft had hijacked, two of which crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The short attack within two hours of it sacrificed approximately 3,000 men, women and children. As a result of terrorist attack, according to the Orphans Fund Twin Towers, it was estimated that 1500 children lost their parents. At the Pentagon, Washington, 189 people were killed, including the passengers on the plane, 45 people were killed in a fourth plane that crashed in rural Pennsylvania. The terrorists thought that the attack of the World Trade Center was an attack on "Symbols of America". However, the building that they had attacked was as international institution that represents the world's economic prosperity. There were representatives from various countries; there were 430 companies from 28 countries. So, actually they do not just attack the United States but also the world. United States suspected that Osama bin Laden was as the prime suspect perpetrators of those attacks. This incident was a global issue that affects the political policy in many countries in the world, so it was become the starting point of perception to combat terrorism as an international enemy. That Mass murder has united the world to against the international terrorism. Moreover after the Bali tragedy, October 12, 2002 which is an act of terror and created the world's largest civilian victims. This tragedy was killed 184 people and injured more than 300 people. War on Terrorism, led by America, was first received from its allies in Europe. Tony Blair's government were among the first issued to Anti Terrorism, Crime and Security Act, December 2001, followed by the actions of other countries which in essence is a war for acts of terrorism in the world, such as the Philippines by issuing Anti Terrorism Bill. Terrorism was increasingly clear became a scourge for modern civilization. Nature of the action, actors, strategic goals, motivations, achieved expected results, targets and methods of terrorism was more widespread and varied. So it became clear that terror ism was not an ordinary form of destructive violent crime, but it was already a crime against peace and human security (crimes against peace and security of mankind). According to Muladi, Criminal Acts of Terrorism can be categorized as mala per se or mala in se, classified as a crime against the conscience (Crimes against conscience), it becomes something that was evil not because of regulated or prohibited by the Act, but because it was basically classified as natural wrong or acts wrong in themselves not classified as crimes mala prohibita as regulated by the Act. In Indonesia, terrorism carried out by Jemaah Islamiyah militant group associated with al-Qaeda or militant groups that use the same ideology with them. Terrorism in Indonesia began in 2000 with the Jakarta Stock Exchange bombing, followed by four other major attacks, and the most deadly in the 2002 Bali bombings. But more than that,
Suicide terrorism -Physical and mental destruction
International Journal of Advance Research Ideas and Innovations in Technology
Suicide terrorism is a troublesome phenomenon for all of us, the masses, to conceptualize and to entirely understand. Its very presence appears to straightforwardly negate quite a bit of what we think about fundamental human survival impulses, which obviously has consequences for the mannerisms by which we look to gauge such elusive factors as radicalization and ideological duty. Our comprehension of suicide psychological warfare can likewise shift contingent upon whether it depends on the subjective examination of specific contextual investigations, some other experimental strategy, or assaults executed by explicit gatherings or sorts of gatherings, groups, mental institutions. Terrorist activities and government responses to them portray a strong and dynamic transaction, with the moves of one side affecting those of the other. As one model, if any terrorist organization attacks and a state sends in their arms and army as the power to send a rebuffing message back, the terrorists may utilize that activity to negatively persuade the commoners or the mob, resulting in turning the mob against the state. This is seen happening on the grounds of communal bias, power trip, inhumane methods of segregation from the nation which would only conclude in angering the civilians as well. Therefore, the findings would only address the terrorist activities and neglect the other end as that is something subject to the less important part of humanity and our community. Terrorism isn't legitimately characterized in all locales; the rules that do exist, in any case, by and large offer some normal components. Terrorism or lethal acts, to be psychological or physical violence include the utilization or danger of viciousness and looks to make fear, inside the immediate exploited people as well as among a wide gathering of people. How much it depends on dread recognizes fear based oppression from both traditional and guerrilla fighting. No doubt, customary military powers perpetually participate in fighting against the foe, their key methods for triumph is quality of arms. With the end goal to draw in and keep up the exposure important to produce across the board fear, terrorists must participate in progressively emotional, vicious, and prominent assaults. These have included hijackings, hostage takings, kidnappings, vehicle bombings, and, habitually, suicide bombings. Albeit, clearly arbitrary, the people in question and areas of fear-based terrorist groups or organizations assaults frequently are precisely chosen for their stun esteem. Schools, malls, transport and train stations, and eateries and dance club have been focused on both on the grounds that they pull in substantial groups and in light of the fact that they are places with which individuals from the non-military personnel populace are commonplace and in which they feel calm. The objective of terrorism, by and large, is to obliterate general society's feeling that all is well with the world in the spots most commonplace to them. Real targets some of the time additionally incorporate structures or different areas that are vital monetary or political images, for example, government offices or army bases.
Supervisor : Prof. Heddy Shri-Ahimsa Putra, M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D Co-Supervisor : Dr. Setiadi, M.Si ABSTRACT Terorism obviously has became part of threat in having nationality. The suicide bombing attack incident in Bali Island at 2004 was a beginning of people and Indonesian government concern toward terorism issues. A lot of studies were conducted toward this issue. Terorism study was using analytical framework, namely rational and cultural. The cultural framework viewed behaviour, attitude, and action as manifesting of value, system, faith, and ideology. The research was carried out in Kotamadya Cirebon, West Java Province, the location where criminal action of suicide terorism happened in Majid Adz Dzikra of Kota Cirebon Police Station. This research was an anthropologic research that attempt to describe and to understand process in kinship system when a family/relative found the fact that criminal action agent of suicide terorism in a mosque by the time people were doing Jumat prayers was their family member. Etnographic approach was through phenomenologic hermeunetic prespective and alethic hermeneutic as the main selection. The research result showed that suicide terorism criminal action in Adz Dzikra Mosque Mapolresta Cirebon was respond in anger and ashamed by people of Cirebon. The way they respond this terorism incident was refused the body of the terorism agent to be burried in Cirebon. This people attitude was based on the understanding that the mosque bombing incident was very much contrary to the people of Cirebon life values. One of those values was the ideology that inheritance by Syech Syarif Hidayatullah, that stated “Ingsun Titip Tajuq lan Fakir Miskin”. For the relative of the incident agent, it caused dilemma in take a stance. Ideologically, they were resist, furious, and ashamed in taking a stance of the incident, nevertheless the obligation to hold and carried out kinship values, namely to assist among the relative members has forced them to act differently with the people. This research result was expected to be able to complete terorism studies in cultural analitic study and able to provide prespective to security apparatus that assistance toward terorist who were members of the relative did not mean they support the ideology and terorism action, yet it was performed due to kindship values presence that must be hold and carried out in a high esteem. Keywords: terrorism ,suicide attack,people, kinship