Micro-osteoperforations: Minimally invasive accelerated tooth movement (original) (raw)
Related papers
The role of cytokines in orthodontic tooth movement
Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, 2012
One of the most important breakthroughs in the understanding of bone biology was the identification of the role of cytokines in bone remodelling including the alveolar bone exposed to the effect of mechanical forces during orthodontic treatment. Since bone remodelling is associated, in its early phase, with inflammation of the surrounding tissue, the hypothesis has been suggested on the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the process of bone remodelling, primarily IL-1?, IL-6 and TNF- ?. These cytokines function as response mediators in the acute phase of inflammation, as well as in the processes of metabolism, and stimulation of resorption and inhibition of bone formation. Mostly uninvestigated, the dynamics of concurrent changes of these three cytokines during the early phase of orthodontic teeth movement in children and adults was the subject of our investigation presented in this article on the current knowledge on the role of cytokines in this process.
Inflammation and Tooth Movement: The Role of Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors
Seminars in Orthodontics, 2012
When an orthodontic force is applied, the periodontal tissues express extensive macroscopic and microscopic changes, leading to alterations in 5 microenvironments: extracellular matrix, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nuclear protein matrix, and genome. Capability of adaptive reaction to applied mechanical loading relies in the DNA of periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone cells. However, an inflammatory process is a precondition for these modifications to occur, which will lead to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). PDL's vascularity and blood flow changes, as well as mechanical alterations in the cytoskeleton of PDL and bone cells, will result in local synthesis and release of various key mediators, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. These molecules will induce many cellular responses by various cell types in the periodontium, providing a favorable microenvironment for bone resorption or deposition and, consequently, for OTM. In these inflammation and tissue remodeling sites, cells may also communicate with one another through the interaction of cytokines and other related molecules. The aim of this review is to bring focus on the role of these important local inflammatory mediators that are closely related to the mechanotransduction involved in OTM.
Effect of orthodontic force on expression levels of ten cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid
Archives of Oral Biology, 2017
Various types of inflammatory mediators are involved in the cascade of biological events behind tissue remodeling allowing orthodontic tooth movement. This split-mouth longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of ten cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IFN-g, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1b and TNF-a, during initial orthodontic treatment. The sample comprised 15 healthy patients (9 males and 6 females, 13.9 AE 2.5 years). The lower (test) incisors were moved using fixed appliance carrying a 0.014-inch nickel titanium wire, whereas the upper (control) incisors were bonded without any force. The GCF was collected from the test and control teeth before fixed appliance mounting (baseline) and after 1, 7 and 21 days. In 6 sites per tooth, from canine to canine, periodontal conditions were defined as the percentage of sites with visible plaque and bleeding on probing. The total GCF cytokines levels were quantified using multianalysis Luminex technology. Throughout the experimental term, and for both test and control teeth, the mean percentage of sites with visible plaque and bleeding on probing were generally below 25% and 15%, respectively, although variability was also seen. In the test teeth, the GCF levels of all the cytokines remained constant throughout the experimental term. On the contrary, significant reductions were seen in the control teeth for each cytokine. Moreover, significantly greater levels of IL-6, GM-CSF, MCP-1 and TNFa were seen in the test teeth as compared to the control teeth at 7 days. The reasons for the differential behavior in the levels of all the investigated cytokines between the test and control teeth may be related to the presence of orthodontic forces and/or subclinical tissue inflammation. Further investigation is needed to elucidate potential roles for these biomarkers in the tissue remodeling incident to orthodontic tooth movement.
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 2015
Objectives-Investigate the expression and activity of inflammatory markers in response to different magnitudes of orthodontic forces and correlate this response with other molecular and cellular events during orthodontic tooth movement. Setting and Sample Population-CTOR Laboratory; 245 Sprague Dawley male rats. Methods and Materials-Control, sham, and 5 different experimental groups received different magnitudes of force on the right maxillary first molar using a coil spring. In the sham group, the spring was not activated. Control group did not receive any appliance. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28, the maxillae were collected for RNA and protein analysis, immunohistochemistry, and micro-CT. Results-There was a linear relation between the force and the level of cytokine expression at lower magnitudes of force. Higher magnitudes of force did not increase the expression of cytokines. Activity of CCL2, CCL5, IL-1, TNFa, RANKL, and number of osteoclasts reached a saturation point in response to higher magnitudes of force, with unchanged rate of tooth movement. Conclusion-After a certain magnitude of force, there is a saturation in the biological response, and higher forces do not increase inflammatory
Cytokine Expression and Accelerated Tooth Movement
Journal of Dental Research, 2010
A supplemental appendix to this article is published electronically only at ABSTRACT It has been shown that inhibiting the expression of certain cytokines decreases the rate of tooth movement. Here, we hypothesized that stimulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, through small perforations of cortical bone, increases the rate of bone remodeling and tooth movement. Forty-eight rats were divided into 4 groups: 50-cN force applied to the maxillary first molar (O), force application plus soft tissue flap (OF), force application plus flap plus 3 small perforations of the cortical plate (OFP), and a control group (C). From the 92 cytokines studied, the expression of 37 cytokines increased significantly in all experimental groups, with 21 cytokines showing the highest levels in the OFP group. After 28 days, microcomputed tomography, light and fluorescent microscopy, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated higher numbers of osteoclasts and bone remodeling activity in the OFP group, accompanied by generalized osteoporosity and increased rate of tooth movement.
Orthodontic force, tooth movement, and interleukin-1β
2017
This review presents the basic knowledge and understanding of the biological processes involved in the orthodontic force and tooth movement. It also explains one of the basic inflammatory markers that was the “interleukin-1β” (IL-1β). Because orthodontic mechanic has to be carefully used during treatment, traumatic effects on the periodontium and teeth may occur. Proper understanding of biological events will help design orthodontic force that will produce minimal tissue damage. In addition, inflammatory markers such as IL-1β play a critical role in bone remodeling and tooth movement. This may be of benefit in understanding how it works and the relevance of the concepts to clinical practice.
European Journal of Orthodontics
Objective: To compare effect of two different orthodontic forces on maxillary canine distalization via evaluation of 30 analytes including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) obtained from tension and compression sites. Design: Longitudinal, split-mouth, randomized controlled trial. Methods: The upper right and left canines were randomly distalized by a continuous force of either 75 or 150 g, in 15 individuals with Class II division 1 malocclusion. GCF samples were obtained from the tension and the pressure sides of each canine at appliance placement (baseline) and after force application at 24 hours and 28 days without reactivation of the coil spring. The protein content of GCF was analysed by a multiplexed immunoassay. The effects of force, side, and time on the analyte levels were assessed by the Brunner-Langer method. Outcome: The changes of GCF analyte levels from baseline to 24 hours and 28 days. Randomization: Coin flipping was used for allocation of two forces. Blinding: The participants and periodontist who performed clinical measurements and GCF sampling were blinded to group assignment and interventions (double-blinded trial). Results: All patients completed the study. No harm was observed. When compared to baseline, both forces caused significant up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1RA in the tension and the pressure sides at 28 days (P < 0.05), but not at 24 hours. Although GCF volume was similar between the two force groups over time (P > 0.05), IL-8 and MCP-1 levels in GCF were significantly lower at the pressure sites receiving higher force (150 g) at 24 hours (P < 0.05). Limitations: Although sample size (15 patients, 30 teeth) was adequate according to the initial power calculation, borderline significances may indicate lack of power or large variability among the samples. Conclusions: Although a higher force of 150 g did not result in increased cumulative canine movement or GCF production, selective host mediators were differentially regulated by the magnitude and duration of the force. Registration and trial protocol: The trial was registered retrospectively in the U.S. National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry. Full details of trial protocol NCT03555747 are available on request.
Progress in Orthodontics, 2014
This systematic review aimed to generate evidence on role of potent markers of inflammation [cytokines, chemokines, their associated receptors and antagonists] following the application of orthodontic forces. Subsequent to registration with PROSPERO, literature search followed a predetermined search strategy to key databases along with hand search (HS). Seventy-seven articles from PubMed (P), 637 from Scopus (S), 51 from Embase (E), and 3 from hand search (HS) were identified. A total of 39 articles were shortlisted that met strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality assessment. Each study was evaluated for participant characteristics, study design, oral hygiene regimen, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) handling. Among these studies, biomarkers in the order of frequency were interleukin (IL)-1β (N = 21), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (N = 10), IL-8,IL-6(N=8), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) (N = 7), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (N = 3), IL-2 (N=4), IL-4, IL-10, RANTES (N = 2), IL-1, IL-5, IL-1α, IP-10, osteopontin (OPN) (N = 1) and receptors and their antagonists in the order of osteoprotegerin (OPG) (N = 8), IL-1RA (N = 5), and RANK (N = 1). Results revealed an immediate release of inflammatory bone-resorptive mediators, IL-1β and TNF-α, where IL-1β increased as early as 1 min to 1 h reaching peak at 24 h while TNF-α increased at 1 h or 1 day. This was accompanied by a fall in bone-protective mediator (OPG) levels at 1 h and 24 h after orthodontic force application. Continuous forces were accompanied by a decrease in mediator levels after attaining peak levels (most commonly at 24 h) while repeated activations in interrupted force upregulated their secretion. Significant correlations of IL-1β levels with pain intensity, rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and of activity index (AI) (IL-1β/IL-1RA) with velocity of tooth movement and growth status of individuals have also been deduced. A greater AI and RANKL/OPG ratio was seen in juveniles as compared to adults or non-growers that were associated with faster rate of OTM in juveniles. None of the studies addressed the effect of estrous cycle in female subjects. Lack of homogeneity in several parameters calls for a better controlled research on the biology of OTM.