An investigation into the Traditional Method of Production of Omani Sarooj (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of building engineering, 2020
Developing new energy efficient building materials to reduce the carbon footprint is now the core of sustainability in construction and an essential factor of life cycle assessment (LCA). The extensive and increasing usage of conventional concrete, mortar, plasters and various cement-based materials is only one of the many factors contributing towards urban thermal discomfort caused by urban heat island phenomena and the poor thermal insulation of ordinary cement mortar. Not only this, the wide use of concrete and mortar in construction increases the consumption of their primary components mainly-Portland cement-requiring a large consumption of energy and causing a significant rise in CO 2 emissions. Embedding natural and artificial cementitious/pozzolana materials in today's cement-based building materials has become a common practice. Cementitious and Pozzolanic materials are known to provide an added value to mortar/concrete not only in terms of mechanical and durability properties but also in energy efficiency and enhancing sustainability. Sarooj is a local term describing an artificial cementitious and pozzolana material obtained by traditional calcining of the raw clayey soil. Although its usage is nowadays very limited, Sarooj has been used in Oman and other neighboring countries for centuries, in various buildings and defense structures. The main objective of this research is to transform the traditionally produced Sarooj into an engineered binding material and hence investigating its physico-mechanical and thermal properties. The raw soil used to produce the traditional Sarooj was employed to engineer a modern "Sarooj" under controlled energy processing (grinding and calcination) conditions. The raw clay minded from specific location was ground first to a fine powdered material and then subjected to full characterization. The physical and chemical characterization indicated that the raw soil is suitable for producing a cementitious/pozzolanic calcined clay. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of the clay used reveal that only a moderate temperature of around 800 • C is required for its calcination which preserves energy and reduces CO 2 emissions compared to 1600 • C to produce clinker cement. The strength development showed a slow early-age reactivity but an appreciable enhancement in long-term which demonstrates a remarkable latent hydraulic potential of the clay used. It was also found that adding an optimum amount of the calcined clay enhances the thermal properties. The annual energy performance of a typical housing in the hot climate of Muscat, Oman, was evaluated using DesignBuilder software, a wholebuilding simulation tool. The simulation results showed insignificant savings in annual energy consumption when the developed mixes are used as plastering materials. The clay alkali-activated with NaOH has, however, showed great potential to enhance the mortar's long-term strength. Using locally engineered cementitious material in a partial replacement of Portland cement can further enhance durability and sustainability by reducing the manufacturing energy of the produced building material such as mortars and plasters.
Journal of Building Engineering, 2020
Developing new energy efficient building materials to reduce the carbon footprint is now the core of sustainability in construction and an essential factor of life cycle assessment (LCA). The extensive and increasing usage of conventional concrete, mortar, plasters and various cement based materials is only one of the many factors contributing towards urban thermal discomfort caused by urban heat island phenomena and the poor thermal insulation of ordinary cement mortar. Not only this, the wide use of concrete and mortar in construction increases the consumption of their primary components mainly -Portland cement- requiring a large consumption of energy and causing a significant rise in CO2 emissions. Embedding natural and artificial cementitious/pozzolana materials in today`s cement-based building materials has become a common practice. Cementitious and Pozzolanic materials are known to provide an added value to mortar/concrete not only in terms of mechanical and durability properties but also in energy efficiency and enhancing sustainability. Sarooj is a local term describing an artificial cementitious and pozzolana material obtained by traditional calcining of the raw clayey soil. Although its usage is nowadays very limited, Sarooj has been used in Oman and other neighboring countries for centuries, in various buildings and defense into an engineered binding material and hence investigating its physico-mechanical and thermal properties. The raw soil used to produce the traditional Sarooj was employed to engineer a modern “Sarooj” under controlled energy processing (grinding and calcination) conditions. The raw clay minded from specific location was ground first to a fine powdered material and then subjected to full characterization. The physical and chemical characterization indicated that the raw soil is suitable for producing a cementitious/pozzolanic calcined clay. The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of the clay used reveal that only a moderate temperature of around 800 °C is required for its calcination which preserves energy and reduces CO2 emissions compared to 1600 °C to produce clinker cement. The strength development showed a slow early-age reactivity but an appreciable enhancement in long-term which demonstrates a remarkable latent hydraulic potential of the clay used. It was also found that adding an optimum amount of the calcined clay enhances the thermal properties. The annual energy performance of a typical housing in the hot climate of Muscat, Oman, was evaluated using DesignBuilder software, a whole-building simulation tool. The simulation results showed insignificant savings in annual energy consumption when the developed mixes are used as plastering materials. The clay alkali-activated with NaOH has, however, showed great potential to enhance the mortar`s long-term strength. Using locally engineered cementitious material in a partial replacement of Portland cement can further enhance durability and sustainability by reducing the manufacturing energy of the produced building material such mortars and plasters
Qadhat—a comparative study of ancient and new lime mortar from the Marib province/Yemen
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2009
Qadhat is the name for a lime mortar in Southern Arabia. Its usage has a long tradition. This work describes physical and mineralogical properties of ancient, historical and new samples, which seem to have been produced the same way. XRD, thin sections and SEM analyses show the similarity of the material. It consists of aggregates of volcanic material that are rich in volcanic glass and lime as binder. The production process includes several hours of crushing the material, which produces fine-grained splinters of aggregates in the binder matrix and gives the mortar a high stability. A weathering test with sodium sulphate on different samples confirms that the stability of this mortar is the result of the production process.
Evalautions of Lime Mortar and Conservation Techniques in Traditional Elements
Architecture and construction methods have been developed by the people who have been living around the word through centuries. Unlike now, in the past the quality of building materials were so different, because of lack of process control and variability in the local sources. Hence each place had different building materials comparing to other places. For many years, lime mortar had been used as the main mortar material in Sharjah traditional masonry. The source of the lime was mainly from coral and lime stones which could be found on the coastal area. This paper aims to prove the compatibility between existing and old lime plus the efficiency of using lime mortar in Sharjah restoration projects. The study has three aims: The first aim is to identify and examine the chemical components of old mortar samples that exist in different heritage buildings in Sharjah by XRF and SEM tests. The second aim is to prepare a new mortar samples with components based on the first aim and examine ...
Natural hydraulic lime mortars: influence of the aggregates
Natural hydraulic lime specifications changed with the new version of standard EN 459-1: 2010 and a new Portuguese NHL3.5 appeared in the market. The characteristics of mortars depend on many different parameters such as the type of binder, the type of aggregates, the use of fillers and of superplasticizers; also on mixing and curing conditions. In this paper NHL3.5 mortars with binder:aggregate volumetric proportions1:3 were prepared, varying the aggregates type and proportions between them. Two coarse sands, a medium sand, a river sand, a finer sand, a calcareous filler and a ceramic powder were used. The two last mentioned aggregates were byproducts from industry. Prismatic mortar samples and samples of mortar applied over brick were prepared and conditioned in two different situationsfollowing standard EN 1015-11 and at 65% relative humidity with initial daily water spray. Mortars were characterized in the fresh state and at the age of 28 days. Results showed the influence namely of the curing, particularly in terms of water capillary, of the superplasticizer and of the fillers. They also showed that NHL3.5 mortars seem to be adequate for old masonries conservation and repair and, in some situations, they can be an alternative to air lime based mortars.
Investigation of Various Cement Productions and Its Characterization
Construction and Engineering Structures
Concrete Alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide and A powder of magnesium oxide Burned together in a kiln Used as a fine powder a uncooked fabric for mortar and urban: any compound is used for the identical motive. A binding element or object and many others. Water is the primary element When it is mixed with cement Connecting the whole together Creating a paste. Water hardens concrete thru a procedure known as hydration. Cement is a binder used in production to bond, harden and glue other substances together. Cement is rarely used alone, but to bond sand and gravel cement technology, Kothanar Supply Inc. is a privately owned company that supplies hydraulic cement and patch mixtures to businesses throughout North America, including the United States. It is not widely used in cement construction in Canada and Puerto Rico because it has higher thermal hydration than concrete, cement is less durable than concrete and is prone to cracking. It is difficult to cure and thus does not apply to a...
2017
The fabrication of cement containing active mineral additives such as the natural Pozzolan presents a definite interest because of reduction of production costs and CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere. The present work focuses on the development of a new hydraulic cement binder by partially substituting the clinker for natural Pozzolan from the volcanic deposit of Difan-Amran in Yemen. The amount added varies with a step of 5 % within the range from 0 % to 40 %. The physical, chemical and mechanical analysis of the different formulations developed shows that the substitution of clinker for natural Pozzolan results in a new hydraulic binder of improved physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The increase of the additive content results in: (i) increase of the Blaine specific surface area facilitating the concrete hydration during the mixing; (ii) increase of the setting time of the paste augments; (iii) decrease of the density providing to prepare a relatively lightweight concre...
European journal of physical plus, 2020
This research aims at providing the scientific evidence of ancient construction practice and production technology on the use locally available geoearth materials and natural herbs, namely kadukkai (Terminalia Chebula), neelamari (Indigofera tinctoria), hibiscus (Rosa sinensis), palm jaggery (Borassus flabellifer), aloe vera (Aloe barbadenis) as specified in ancient palm leaf texts which were adopted at Padmanabhapuram Palace, India for preparing the traditional lime mortars. Six mortar samples of three different mortar typolo-gies (wall, bedding and floor finish) were taken from the Padmanabhapuram Palace for the study. The sampled mortars were characterized using physiochemical analysis as well as modern analytical techniques including XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR and FESEM-EDX methods. Different binder-to-aggregate ratios was proportioned for wall plaster (1:3), bedding mortar (1:2) and floor finish (1:1) and was confirmed through acid loss analysis. Wall plaster samples indicated the presence of organic protein and polysaccharide spectral peaks substantiated by FT-IR analysis. Organics have played a significant role in the formation of calcium aluminate silicates and carbonate polymorphs to enhance the crystalline hydrated phases observed through XRD and FESEM analyses. The thermal investigation substantiated that calcite decarbonation mostly occurred between 705 and 730°C. The results apprised the wide use of hydraulic lime with fine-grained aggregate particles, added with fermented organics to produce an environmentally friendly organic mortar to restore the structure.