Analysis of Residential Time-of-Use Utility Rate Structures and Economic Implications for Thermal Energy Storage (original) (raw)
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2015
Author(s): Yin, Rongxin; Black, Doug; Piette, Mary, A; Schiess, Klaus | Advisor(s): Piette, Mary, A | Abstract: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is an established technology that shifts heating or cooling energy use from an on-peak period when demand and rates are highest to an off-peak period, when rates are lower. This study evaluates the two main types of TES systems: Full storage TES systems designed to shift the entire cooling system load to the off-peak period, and partial storage TES systems, which are designed to shift only a portion of the cooling load off-peak. The cooling load profile on the peak day is selected for the TES system design, which ensures that a full storage TES system is sufficient to meet the cooling load requirement. For a utility tariff that has a monthly demand charge and on-peak demand charge as well, a full storage system can provide bill savings by reducing both peak demand and energy use. For a partial storage system, the cooling system supplements the ...
2003
Cool thermal energy storage could become one of the primary solutions to manage peaks, low load factors, electrical power imbalance between daytime and nighttime, and to offer the possibility to reduce electricity costs for the customer. This kind of storage uses off-peak power to provide cooling capacity by extracting heat from a storage medium. Typically these systems use refrigeration equipment to create at night a reservoir of cold liquid or solid material. During the day, the reservoir is tapped to provide cooling capacity. To evaluate the opportunities of storage it is necessary to have accurate load models. The problem of modeling of cool thermal storage is addressed in this work. The proposed load model rely on information about the physical characteristics of an hypothetical load at the residential sector of customers. Some simulation results are shown and some demand responsive alternatives are also proposed in the work.
Current cost and performance requirements for residential cool-storage systems
Energy, 1989
Cool-storage systems have the potential to reduce the overall cost of cooling for residential customers by shifting all or part of the electric load occurring during peak-demand periods to off-peak periods, thus lowering the total electrical bill where time-of-day (TOD) rates exist. The potential energy cost savings are substantial. In some U.S. locales (e.g., within the districts served by Oklahoma Gas and Electric, Arkansas Power and Light, and Wisconsin Electric Power), the difference between the peak and off-peak energy charges are > $O.lOO/kWh. This savings potential is the primary driving force for developing cool-storage systems for residential applications. This study establishes the current cost and performance requirements that make residential cool-storage technologies economically competitive with conventional residential airconditioning systems. The results are based on the characteristics of conventional airconditioning equipment and residential TOD rate structures existing during 1986-1987. Initial capital cost and annual coefficient of performance requirements for cool-storage systems were calculated for three U.S. cities with different climates and utility-rate structures. Both new construction and retrofits were considered.
Energy Storage
This study presents an investigation of the potential use of thermal energy storage for shifting cooling and heating loads to off-peak hours in order to balance the electricity production and demand periods. In Canada, the main energy source for cooling and heating applications is generally electricity. Therefore, cooling and heating devices have a great impact on the electricity peak load. In this study, it is considered that heating and cooling loads on the electricity peak load periods are shifted to off-peak hours by thermal energy storage systems. At the end of this study, it is observed that the thermal energy storage has great potential for shifting electricity peak load depending on cooling and heating load to off-peak periods. The electricity peak loads can be reduced by 25% and 45% by shifting heating and cooling loads to off-peak hours and doing storage. Furthermore, the thermal energy storage systems can help reduce both cooling and heating costs in Canadian dwellings by 20% and 18%, respectively.
Energy, 1979
The potential of thermal energy storage together with heat pumps to lower peak daytime residential electrical consumption and exploit off-peak rate reductions is examined. A computer simulation using New York City weather demonstrates that this approach. although technically successful, is economically infeasible for the foreseeable future. Fellowship Program and of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Mechanical Engineering Department is gratefully acknowledged.
Economic feasibility of thermal energy storage systems
Energy and Buildings, 2007
This paper investigates the economic feasibility of both building an ice thermal storage and structure a time of rate tariff for the unique air conditioning (A/C) plant of the Grand Holy Mosque of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The features of the building are unique where the air-conditioned 39,300 m 2 zone is open to the atmosphere and the worshippers fully occupy the building five times a day, in addition hundreds of thousands of worshippers attend the blessed weekend's prayer at noontime, which escalates the peak electricity load.
36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems (ECOS 2023)
This paper explores various combinations of electric heat pumps (EHPs), hydrogen boilers (HBs), electric boilers (EBs), hydrogen absorption heat pumps (AHPs) and energy storage technologies (electric and thermal) to assess their potential for matching heating and cooling demand at low cost and with low carbon footprint. Thermodynamic and component-costing models of various heating and cooling technologies are integrated into a whole-energy system cost optimisation model to determine cost-effective configurations of heating and cooling systems that minimise the overall investment and operation cost for both the system and the end-user. Case studies presented in the paper focus on two archetypal systems that differ in terms of heating and cooling demand and availability profiles of solar and wind generation. The proposed approach quantifies how the costefficient portfolios of low-carbon heating and cooling solutions are driven by the characteristics of the system such as share of variable renewables or heating and cooling demand. Modelling results suggest that capacity choices for heating and cooling technologies will vary significantly depending on system properties. More specifically, air-to-air EHPs, with their cost and efficiency advantages over air-to-water EHPs, could make a significant contribution to low-carbon heat supply as well as cooling, although their contribution may be constrained by the compatibility with existing heating systems. They are found to be a useful supplementary source of space heating that is able to displace between 20 and 33 GWth of capacity of other heating technologies compared to the case where they do not contribute to space heating.
2003
The purpose ofthis paper is to describe a useful tool for the initial analysis to assess the possibilities of residential Electric Thermal Storage (ETS), taking into account heat storage and cool storage devices. These load models are based on an energy balance between the indoor environment, the dwelling constructive parameters, the ETS device and the internal mass through a discrete statespace equation system. The main application of this load model has been oriented towards the simulation of ETS performance in order to evaluate the possibilities of Load Management in the new de-regulated structures of Electrical Power Systems.
Impacts of ice storage on electrical energy consumptions in office buildings
2012
Cooling demand constitutes a large portion of total electrical demand for office buildings during peak hours. Ice storage technology can help shift this peak cooling demand to off-peak periods. This research analyzes the chiller energy consumption of conventional non-storage and ice storage cooling systems for large and medium-sized office buildings in diverse climate zones. Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT) has been used to model and simulate large and medium-sized office buildings. The construction and weather files in DRQAT have been modified to incorporate construction standard and weather data for the cities representing the diverse climate zones. Results indicate that the chiller energy consumption for non-storage and ice storage systems depends highly on climatic conditions. Climate zones with hot summers as well as small day and night temperature variations show higher chiller energy consumptions. The marine climate zone has the lowest chiller energy consumption. The cold/humid climate zone has higher chiller energy consumption than the cold/dry and very cold climate zones. The cold/dry and very cold climate zones have comparable chiller energy consumption. Research findings as presented in this paper will help utilities and building owners to quantify the benefits of installing ice storage systems in office buildings located in different climatic conditions.
Energy and Buildings, 2012
In recent decades, around the world, a huge amount of daytime peak power has been shifted to the off-peak hours by using different types of thermal energy storage systems. However, the contribution of these systems in Malaysia is still minor in comparison with their potential. Therefore, the feasibility and potentiality of employing ice thermal storage (ITS) systems for office building cooling applications is studied to investigate their economical and environmental benefits. The air conditioning systems in Malaysia are considered as the major energy consumers in office buildings with around 57% share. The economical analysis of the cost benefits is carried out for a system including chiller and storage system. The installation costs are mainly dominated by the total system capacity; hence the study was conducted for a range of 100-2000 tons of refrigeration (TR) (352-7034 kW) for two storage strategy of full storage and load levelling storage strategy. The results indicate that considering the special off-peak tariff rate of $0.