Natural Gas Storage Engineering (original) (raw)
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Underground Gas Storage Suitability Analysis
NIPC, 2013
In the future natural gas will make a growing contribution to energy supply. Since gas production is constant during the year and its consumption almost seasonal, the importance of underground gas storage (UGS) is increasing because it acts as a buffer between production and consumption. During the screening and concept selection stages of gas storage projects, many estimates are required to value competing projects and development concepts. These estimates are important because they influence which projects are selected and which concept proceeds into detailed engineering. In most cases, there is uncertainty in all of the estimates. As a result, operators are faced with the complex problem of determining the optimal design. A systematic uncertainty analysis can help operators solve this problem and make better decisions. Ideally, the uncertainty analysis is comprehensive and includes all uncertain variables, and simultaneously accounts for reservoir behavior, facility options, and economic objectives. In this paper historical perspective of underground natural gas storing and also screening criteria to determine the suitability of using a reservoir for UGS has been studied.
Energies
The storage of natural gas in geological structures such as depleted fields, aquifers and salt caverns plays an important role in a gas supply system as it balances the fluctuation of gas demand and price. Hydraulic loss due to fluid flow through gas storage production equipment and an interfering effect from nonequal productivity index of storage wells may have an important influence on gas storage performance. An integrated mathematical model is developed based on underground gas storage facility production data. Using this model, the hydraulic loss is determined. A real test case that consists of a gas storage reservoir linked to the surface facility is analysed. The mathematical model uses an experimentally determined pressure drop coefficient in chokes. The base case scenario created using real gas storage facility data enables the achievement of a good history match with the given parameters of the gas storage reservoir. Using the history match simulation case as an initial sc...
Ways of increasing natural gas storage capacity in underground gas storages in the Czech Republic
AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas, 2019
Natural gas fields are usually located far away from the end users and industrially developed countries, where the gas demand is highest. In such cases, natural gas is transported from the production site to the receiver mainly with gas pipelines. Such pipelines may transmit a definite volume of natural gas. Most of the time gas transport is stable in time, unless the demand changes, e.g. in winter or in the case of pipeline failure. In such a case the pipeline system cannot cover the increased demand and supply sufficient amounts of gas. One of the ways to solve the problem of varying demand and limited potential as far as gas transmission over long distances is concerned, are underground gas storages, thanks to which the operational gas deliveries can be regulated, i.e. it can be stored in periods of lower demand and used in the high demand situations. This safety buffer provides the stability and reliability of the entire natural gas distribution system. The methods of increasing the natural gas storage capacity of UGS were discussed in this paper with special emphasis on the primary and secondary tightness of geological structures hosting UGS. Authors also analyzed how laboratory tests conducted at VŠB-TU Ostrava can be broadened to verify the possibilities of increasing natural gas storing capacity, depending of the geological horizons and structures in which the UGS is located.
Advanced Gas Storage Concepts: Technologies for the Future
2000
Limited demand and high cost has prevented the construction of hard rock caverns in this country for a number of years. The storage of natural gas in mined caverns may prove technically feasible if the geology of the targeted market area is suitable; and economically feasible if the cost and convenience of service is competitive with alternative available storage methods for peak supply requirements. It is believed that mined cavern storage can provide the advantages of high delivery rates and multiple fillwithdrawal cycles in areas where salt cavern storage is not possible. In this research project, PB-KBB merged advanced mining technologies and gas refrigeration techniques to develop conceptual designs and cost estimates to demonstrate the commercialization potential of the storage of refrigerated natural gas in hard rock caverns. Five regions of the U.S.A. were studied for underground storage development and PB-KBB reviewed the literature to determine if the geology of these regions was suitable for siting hard rock storage caverns. Area gas market conditions in these regions were also studied to determine the need for such storage. Based on an analysis of many factors, a possible site was determined to be in Howard and Montgomery Counties, Maryland. The area has compatible geology and a gas industry infrastructure for the nearby market populous of Baltimore and Washington D.C.. As Gas temperature is lowered, the compressibility of the gas reaches an optimum value. The compressibility of the gas, and the resultant gas density, is a function of temperature and pressure. This relationship can be used to commercial advantage by reducing the size of a storage cavern for a given working volume of natural gas. This study looks at this relationship and and the potential for commercialization of the process in a storage application. A conceptual process design, and cavern design were developed for various operating conditions. Potential site locations were considered and a typical plant layout was developed. In addition a geomechanical review of the proposed cavern design was performed, evaluating the stability of the mine rooms and shafts, and the effects of the refrigerated gas temperatures on the stability of the cavern. Capital and operating cost estimates were also developed for the various temperature cases considered. The cost estimates developed were used to perform a comparative market analysis of this type of gas storage system to other systems that are commercially used in the region of the study. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government.
The Storage Capacity of Underground Gas Storages in the Czech Republic
GeoScience Engineering
Sources of natural gas are in most cases located in remote areas far from the places where the gas is utilized, i.e. especially developed industrial countries to which it is transported via pipeline. However, transit gas pipelines, which are transporting extracted gas to the consumers, have a relatively limited peak capacity, the transit supplies essentially have a stable character and are not able to cover increased seasonal or peak demands for gas in gas distribution networks. The solution of this problem is the main task for underground gas storages (UGS) that through the operative regulation maintain stability and reliability of the entire gas system. This article provides a general list of options that can increase the storage capacity of natural gas in underground gas storages and focuses on factors that influence the options of an individual UGS.
Factors determining the construction and location o f underground gas storage facilities
2019
The growing demand for earth gas results in need fo r st ring proper volumes of this fuel to ensure nat ional energy security. Poland has its own earth gas reservoirs, but their exploit ation cannot fully cover the constantly increasing demand. Most of the required volumes are covered by gas import, mainly from the Russian Federation. However, long-term agreements do not en visage seasonal variations, which causes that surplus volumes must be stored at under ground storage facilities. Additionally, Poland's N ational Energy Policy imposes an obligation to store the reserves of this fuel. All of these factors determine the construction and dev elopment of underground gas storage facilities. In recent years, a growing trend in building new an d extending the existing gas storage facilities has been noticeable in the European Union. Most often, depleted gas and oil reservoirs, salt caverns and aquifers are used for that purpos e. The most suitable locations of these types of storag...
The feasibility analysis of underground gas storage caverns
Engineering Structures, 2013
Due to the increasing demand for gas consumption during cold seasons, it is a sense of urgency to provide a reliable resource for gas supply during these periods. The objectives of this comprehensive research entail reservoir core analysis, reservoir fluid study, investigation and optimization of improved condensate recovery during gas storage processes in one of Iranian-depleted fractured gas condensate reservoir. We have attempted to make a balance among reservoir petrophysical and operational characteristics such as production rate, ultimate reservoir pressure after production, cumulative condensate production, number of wells and the required time periods for the reservoir depletion, to obtain an optimum condition for the gas storage process. It's a foregone conclusion that the quality of management decision-making regarding reservoir depletion, maximum gas recovery and natural gas condensate production subsequently optimize at the minimum pressure drop. Furthermore, according to the simulation analysis, pipeline gas injection may lead to condensate recovery improvement. Keywords Improved condensate recovery • Underground gas storage • Depleted gas reservoirs • Simulation analysis • Gas recovery List of symbols B g Gas formation volume factor K Permeability (mD) K r Relative permeability K rg Gas relative permeability K rw Water relative permeability M Molecular mass (lb/lb mol) P Pressure (psia) Pc Capillary pressure S g Gas saturation (%) S gc Critical gas saturation (%) S w Water saturation (%) S wc Connate water saturation (%) t Time (day) T Temperature (°C) Z Compressibility factor Greek letters ρ Mass density (kg/ft 3) σ Surface tension (N/m) φ Porosity (%) Abbreviations FGPR Field gas production rate (MMSCF 3 /day) FGPT Field gas production total (MMSCF 3) FOPR Field oil production rate (MMSCF 3 /day) FOPT Field oil production total (MMSCF 3) FPR Field pressure rate (psia) FWPT Field water production total (MMSCF 3) UGS Underground gas storage PR Peng-Robinson PVT Pressure volume temperature ROV Relative oil volume CCE Constant composition expansion CVD Constant volume depletion EOS Equation of state I/W Injection/withdrawal
2016
Underground storage of natural gas is an efficient process that balances the variable market demand against the constant supply of natural gas from the pipelines for engineering and economic advantages. Storage reservoirs are unique warehouses that store natural gas in times of low demand and provide a ready supply of gas in times of high demand. The various attributes that impacts design and performance of the gas storage reservoirs namely inventory, deliverability, and containment are presented in detail. In addition, the various methods that are used for inventory analysis are discussed.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016
In this study we probe the ultimate potential Underground Gas Storage (UGS) capacity of the Netherlands by carrying out a detailed feasibility study on inflow performances of all onshore natural gas reservoirs. The Netherlands is one of the largest natural gas producers in Western Europe. The current decline of its national production and looming production restrictions on its largest field of Groningen-owing to its induced seismicity-have recently made necessary to upgrade the two largest UGS of Norg and Grijpskerk. The joined working volume of these two UGS is expected to replace the swing capacity of the Groningen field to continue guaranteeing the security of supply of low calorific natural gas. The question is whether this UGS configuration will provide the expected working storage capacity unrestricted by issues on reservoir performances and/or induced seismicity. This matter will be of paramount importance in the near future when production restrictions and/or the advance state of depletion of the Groningen field will turn the Netherlands into a net importer of high calorific natural gas. By then, the question will be whether the available UGSs will still be economically attractive to continue operating, or if additional or alternative UGSs will be needed?. Hence the characterization and ranking of the best potential reservoirs available today is of paramount importance for future UGS developments. We built an in-house automated module based on the application of the traditional inflow performance relationship analysis to screen the performances of natural gas reservoirs in onshore Netherlands. Results enable identifying the 72 best candidates with an ultimate total working volume capacity of 122 7 30 billion Sm 3. A detailed sensitivity analysis shows the impact of variations in the reservoir properties or wellbore/tubing configurations on withdrawal performances and storage capacity. We validate our predictions by comparing them to performances of the UGSs currently operating in the Netherlands. Our results show that although Norg and Grijpskerk stand midst the best candidates, their working:cushion gas volume (wv:cv) ratios appear amongst the lowest. We found many other reservoir candidates with higher wv:cv ratios (41) and working volumes between 3 and 10 billion Sm 3 geographically distributed across the Netherlands. Any of the current and future UGSs will have to compete with economically more attractive means of gas import via pipelines and liquefied natural gas. We suggest that only the strategic development of a network of efficient underground gas storages with wv: cv ratios 41, could increase its economical attractiveness. This can reduce future dependence on foreign gas supply for cases of import disruption or shortages during peak demand in winter periods. Future political and economic decisions and societal acceptance will determine the role that UGS will play in the security of supply of natural gas in the Netherlands and Western Europe.
Nowadays one of the most important energy sources is natural gas. By depletion of oil reservoirs in the world, natural gas will emerge as the future energy source for human life. One of the major concerns of gas suppliers is being able to supply this source of energy the entire year. This concern intensifies during more consuming seasons of the year when the demand for natural gas increases, resulting in a lot of problems such as pressure depletion in the pipelines. One of the most effective policies to prevent pressure depletion is gas storage in warm seasons of the year when public demand is low. In this paper three different methods of underground and surface gas storage at high capacities have been discussed which are as follows: depleted oil and gas reservoirs, liquefied gas storage, and gas hydrates storage. In this study, the NPV function for economical evaluation of these three natural gas storage methods was employed. Finally, after assessing the technical and economical aspects of these methods, the TOPSIS model was constructed and depleted oil and gas reservoirs storage selected as the best natural gas storage method at high capacities.