Prevalence of iodine deficiency among Moroccan women of reproductive age (original) (raw)
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Assessment of iodine concentration in dietary salt at household level in Morocco
BMC Public Health, 2016
Following WHO recommendations, Morocco adopted in 1995 the universal salt iodization (USI) as a strategy to prevent and control iodine deficiency disorders. In 2009, the standard salt iodine concentration was adjusted to 15-40 mg/kg. The success of USI for the control of iodine deficiency disorders requires an evaluation of iodine concentration in salt prior to assessing the iodine nutritional status of a population. In our study we refer to the anterior studies that were made in Morocco in 1993 and 1998. 178 salt samples from households were tested for iodine using spot-testing kits. The iodometric titration method was used to analyze accurately the concentration of iodine in the 178 household salt samples. An empiric polling method was adopted, using a non-probability sampling method; across the different twelve regions in the country. The median and interquartile range iodine concentration in salt was 2.9 mg/kg (IQR: 2.4-3.7). The results show that only 25 % of households use iodized salt. The recommended iodine concentration in salt of 15-40 mg/kg was met only in 4.5 % of salt samples. The bulk salt is used by 8 % of households. All samples of this bulk salt were found in rural areas. According to nonparametric appropriate tests used, there is no significant difference in iodine concentrations between regions, between urban and rural areas and between packaged and bulk salt. Two decades since introducing legislation on Universal Salt Iodization, our survey shows that generalization of iodized salt is far from being reached. In 2015, only a quarter of Moroccan households use the iodized salt and only 4.5 % of salt is in conformity with regulations. The use of bulk salt by households in rural areas constitutes a major obstacle to the success of USI. The National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program can only be achieved if an internal follow-up and a control of external quality of program is put in place.
Children, 2021
Historically, mountainous areas of Morocco have been affected by endemic goiter and severe iodine deficiency. In 1995, Morocco legislated salt iodization to reduce iodine deficiency. There has been no national survey of iodine nutrition in school-age children for nearly 3 decades. Our aim was to assess iodine nutrition in a national sample of 6–12-year-old children in Morocco to inform the national salt iodization strategy. In this cross-sectional household-based survey, we randomly recruited healthy 6–12-year-old children from 180 clusters in four geographic zones (north and east, central, north and south) covering the 12 regions of Morocco. A questionnaire was completed, including socio-economic status and parental level of education. In addition, anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutrition status, and a spot urine sample was collected to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC). A total of 3118 households were surveyed, and 1043 eligible children were recruited, ...
Dietary habits and iodine status among schoolchildren in Morocco
Because iodine deficiency affects 2 billion persons worldwide, its elimination is considered as a global health priority. Inadequate daily intake of iodine can lead to iodine deficiency which can alter physical and mental functions and accelerate cognitive impairment of schoolchildren. Our study aims to determine the iodine status of Moroccan schoolchildren as well as their dietary habits and frequency of consumption of foods that are considered as good sources of dietary iodine, including iodized salt. In an observational study 182 children (aged 7-9 years) were selected from 3 primary schools situated in rural mountainous areas of Morocco. Answers to an adapted food frequency questionnaire and data regarding socio economic status were obtained at the beginning of the survey. Random urine samples were collected in the morning to assess urinary iodine using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Our results showed that iodine deficiency was prevalent in schoolchildren, 82.7% of subjects had an urinary iodine concentration (UIC) <100µg/l and the median of the urinary iodine concentration was found to be 59.6µg/l. Overall, the study population has limited resources and more than 60% spend less than 110 US $ for food monthly. Analysis of dietary habits of children relative to consumption of foods rich in iodine showed that 95% of families did not use fortified salt, 30% of schoolchildren did not consume dairy products, 100% did not eat shellfish and 10% did not eat fish. However 59.16% were consuming fish at least once a week. The schoolchildren living in high altitude rural areas of Morocco have an unbalanced nutritional profile resulting from a monotonous diet of poor quality which can cause various health hazards.
1996
The population of the Ounein Valley in the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco is at high risk of iodine deficiency. We investigated local children's iodine deficiency and goiter patterns as well as food consumption habits through a household survey. Median urinary iodine content and goiter analysis both reflect moderate iodine deficiency. Total fish consumption has a statistically significant, positive effect on urinary iodine content. Fish consumption, like that of salt, is closely related to market access. Respondents are uniformly unaware of the dietary etiology of goiter. An effective strategy to reduce the high incidence of iodine deficiency disorder among children in the valley must attend to four crucial issues: fish consumption, salt iodization, nutrition education, and market access.
Evaluation of Iodine Nutritional Status in Tehran, Iran: Iodine Deficiency Within Iodine Sufficiency
2010
Background: Production of iodized salt in Iran for household consumption began in 1990. Previous studies have reported sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine nutritional status in Tehran in 2009. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 383 Tehranian households were enrolled through randomized cluster sampling and a total of 639 adult subjects (242 men and 397 women), aged 19 and over, participated. A 24-hour urine sample was collected for measurement of urinary iodine, sodium, and creatinine concentrations using the digestion method, flame photometry, and autoanalyzer assay, respectively. Salt intake was estimated and iodine content of household salt was measured by titration. Results: Median (interquartile range) iodine content of household salt and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in Tehran were 21.2 (3.2-31.7) parts per million and 70.0 (34.0-131.2) mg/L, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in 24-hour UICs between men and women. Median (interquartile range) daily salt intake was 7.6 (5.5-9.8) g, which was not different in the two genders. According to the WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF classification, 11.2%, 25.9%, 26.7%, 25.1%, 8.0%, and 3.2% of participants had UIC <20, 20-49, 50-99, 100-199, 200-299, and >300 mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: Mild iodine deficiency has recurred in Tehranians. The results emphasize the need for continuous monitoring in all regions, even in a country with iodine sufficiency.
Iodine adequacy in reproductive age and pregnant women living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
Background: Despite the serious maternal and foetal complications associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy, surveys related to pregnant women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are lacking. This study, therefore, measured urine iodine concentrations (UIC) alongside the potential socioeconomic factors contributing towards iodine inadequacy in reproductive age and pregnant Saudi women from the Western province of KSA. Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 1222 pregnant and 400 age-matched non-pregnant/nonlactating reproductive age women. The socioeconomic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency in non-pregnant (100-199 μg/L) and pregnant (150-249 μg/L) women were applied. Results: The median UIC in the non-pregnant women (101.64 μg/L; IQR: 69.83-143.55) was at the lowermost WHO recommended cutoff , whereas the pregnant group was iodine deficient (112.99 μg/L; IQR: 81.01-185.57). Moreover, the median UIC was below adequacy across the different trimesters. The use of non-iodised salt significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 2.052; 95%CI: 1.118-3.766) and pregnant women (OR = 3.813; 95%CI: 1.992-7.297), whereas taking iodine supplements significantly lowered the risk in both groups (OR = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.172-0.771 and OR = 0.002; 95%CI: 0.001-0.005, respectively). Passive smoking was also an independent risk factor for iodine deficiency in the non-pregnant (OR = 1.818; 95%CI: 1.097-3.014) and pregnant (OR = 1.653; 95%CI: 1.043-2.618) groups. Additionally, BMI correlated independently and significantly with median UIC in the non-pregnant and pregnant populations. However, multiparity (OR = 3.091; 95%CI: 1.707-5.598) and earning below the minimum wage (2.520; 95%CI: 1.038-6.119) significantly increased the risk of iodine deficiency only in the non-pregnant women. Conclusions: This study is the first to show borderline iodine sufficiency in reproductive age Saudi women from the Western province, whereas mild iodine deficiency was observed in the pregnant population and could represent a serious public health problem. This study also advocates the necessity to establish routine iodine dietary advice services by the health authorities to foster adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to avoid the perilous consequences of iodine deficiency on maternal-foetal health.
The Use of Iodized Salt and Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( IDD ) : The Saudi Arabian Experience
2014
Salt iodization is the universal strategy for elimination of IDD, the quality of iodization program is crucial for achieving this goal. Iodine deficiency (ID) is the world’s leading cause of intellectual deficits and associated with increased prevalence of goiter. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) there is an acute scarcity in IDD data across the country. In this concern, the influence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) was comprehensively investigated. The study targeted school children aged between 6 to 12 years to establish baseline information for salt iodization and iodine deficiency disorders in the area. Iodine nutritional status of the targeted population was assessed by measuring of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) which was used also to define, indicate, survey and monitor ID. The results reveal that almost 100% of the households in Jazan area use iodized salt, however only 46.9% use it adequately. Therefore, overall median for the measured UIC is very high (420 μg/...
Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003
Food and nutrition bulletin, 2008
Iodine deficiency is a global public health problem, and estimates of the extent of the problem were last produced in 2003. To provide updated global estimates of the magnitude of iodine deficiency in 2007, to assess progress since 2003, and to provide information on gaps in the data available. Recently published, nationally representative data on urinary iodine (UI) in school-age children collected between 1997 and 2006 were used to update country estimates of iodine nutrition. These estimates, alongside the 2003 estimates for the remaining countries without new data, were used to generate updated global and regional estimates of iodine nutrition. The median UI was used to classify countries according to the public health significance of their iodine nutrition status. Progress was measured by comparing current prevalence figures with those from 2003. The data available for pregnant women by year of survey were also assessed. New UI data in school-age children were available for 41 ...
Assessment of dietary iodine intake for females of childbearing age from Amman, Jordan
2020
Introduction: Jordan has one of the highest prevalence rates of hypothyroidism, and this condition is more prevalent in women and especially pregnant women. Iodine insufficiency during fetal development and childhood is associated with cognitive disturbances. The aim of this research study is to measure the daily consumption of dietary iodine in females of childbearing age in Amman City and determine how this consumption relates to sociodemographic characteristics. Subjects and Methods: A nonrandomized, crosssectional study was carried out in 802 females. The inclusion criteria were healthy pregnant and nonpregnant females of reproductive age from 18 to 45 years old living in Amman. Females with any chronic disease were excluded from the study. Iodine intake and sociodemographic characteristic were measured by validated questionnaires. Results: Optimum iodine adequacy was detected in only 9.6% of participants. The highest average dietary iodine intake (g/d) was from milk (36.4±36.5...