Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region (original) (raw)
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Atmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.
Applied Sciences
Background: Thriassion Plain is considered the most industrialized area in Greece and thus a place where emissions of pollutants are expected to be elevated, leading to the degradation of air quality. Methods: Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was performed in PM10 samples. SPSS statistical package was employed for statistical analysis and source apportionment purposes. Cancer risk was estimated from total persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs) dataset according to the available literature. Results: POPs concentrations in particulate matter were measured in similar levels compared to other studies in Greece and worldwide, with mean concentrations of ΣPAHs, ΣPCDD/Fs, dioxin like PCBs, and indicator PCBs being 7.07 ng m−3, 479 fg m−3, 1634 fg m−3, and 18.1 pg m−3, respectively. Seasonal variations were observed only for PAHS with higher concentrations dur...
Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020
Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were banned several years ago, they can still be measured in the environment, especially in indoors, where their concentrations tend to be higher than outdoors in some cases. The current study reports the results of a study conducted to determine concentrations of a total of 40 PCBs congeners in the living rooms and kitchens of eight different houses, and in the outdoor air of three houses during summer and autumn in Bursa in 2014. The province of Bursa, having eighteen of organized industrial zones, indoor air pollution is of great importance. The average concentration of ∑ 40 PCBs in living rooms and the kitchen were 604 ± 210 pg/m 3 and 639 ± 2514 pg/m 3 during summer, respectively; while concentrations in autumn were 362 ± 167 pg/m 3 and 309 ± 93 pg/m 3 , respectively. The average ∑ 40 PCBs outdoor concentrations were 303 ± 183 pg/m 3 and 41 ± 23 pg/m 3 for summer and autumn, respectively. The ∑ 40 PCBs concentrations in summer were almost two times higher than in autumn for indoor environment. The predominant PCB homologs in indoor samples were penta-(40%), tetra-(23%) and tri-CBs (17%) while they were penta-(37%) and tetra-CBs (22%) for outdoor samples. The results of the study indicated the presence of intentionally and unintentionally produced PCBs. The I/O ratios suggested the indoor sites as the most important PCBs source than outdoor sites. Finally, the measured PCB concentrations did not represent a cancer risk for human health for exposure via inhalation in all sampling points.
Environmental Pollution, 2017
Istanbul, one of the mega cities in the world located between Asia and Europe, has suffered from severe air pollution problems due to rapid population growth, traffic and industry. Atmospheric levels of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Istanbul at 22 sampling sites during four different sampling periods using PUF disk passive air samplers and spatial and temporal variations of these chemicals were determined. Soil samples were also taken at the air sampling sites. At all sites, the average ambient air S 15 PAH and S 41 PCB concentrations were found as 85.6 ± 68.3 ng m À3 and 246 ± 122 pg m À3 , respectively. Phenanthrene and anthracene were the predominant PAHs and low molecular weight congeners dominated the PCBs. The PAH concentrations were higher especially at urban sites close to highways. However, the PCBs showed moderately uniform spatial variations. Except four sites, the PAH concentrations were increased with decreasing temperatures during the sampling period, indicating the contributions of combustion sources for residential heating, while PCB concentrations were mostly increased with the temperature, probably due to enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures from their sources. The results of the Factor Analysis represented the impact of traffic, petroleum, coal/biomass and natural gas combustion and medical waste incineration plants on ambient air concentrations. A similar spatial distribution trend was observed in the soil samples. Fugacity ratio results indicated that the source/sink tendency of soil for PAHs and PCBs depends on their volatility and temperature; soil generally acts as a source for lighter PAHs and PCBs particularly in higher temperatures while atmospheric deposition is a main source for higher molecular weight compounds in local soils. Toxicological effect studies also revealed the severity of air and soil pollution especially in terms of PAHs in Istanbul.
Particulate matter (PM) is considered as one of the major pollutants that affect the health of humans, especially for the fine and ultrafine fraction, which can adsorb greater concentrations of toxic compounds, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are a group of several complex organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen, and two or more condensed benzene rings and represent one of the most stable families of organic compounds known. The known carcinogens isomers are primarily associated with particulate material and, usually, the highest concentrations are in the respirable fraction <5 µm. High PAHs levels in ambient air of large metropolitan areas are usually associated with vehicular emissions, including diesel and gasoline vehicles. Particle-bound PAHs in the fine and ultrafine fraction present a higher risk because they can deposit in the respiratory tract, hence aggravating the potentially negative health effects. In addition, some PAHs are possibly or probably carcinogenic to humans (benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k] fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h] anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene). Thus, there is considerable concern about the relationship between PAHs exposure in the ambient air and the potential to contribute to human cancer incidence. The objective of this study was to conduct an assessment of carcinogenic and mutagenic risks of the studied PAHs in the PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 samples. The toxic equivalent factors were calculated to characterize more accurately the risk of cancer from PAH exposure in the PM samples. This was based on the contribution of the carcinogenic potency of benzo[a]pyrene. The ambient concentrations of 12 PAHs, beginning from fluorene, and their toxic equivalence factor (TEF) were used in the calculation. The carcinogenic risk for five carcinogenic PAHs (Chr, BaA, BaP, Ind, and DahA) in the PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 fractions ranged from 44.9% to 56.8%, of DahA ranged from 35.12% to 44.63%, and of Ind ranged from 5.24% to 6.65% of the total carcinogenic activity in the study area. For PM1.0 fraction, BaP and DahA dominated the BaPeq levels. The carcinogenicity activity contribution of BaP was in the range of 27.1% (Canoas summer) up to 44.0% (Sapucaia winter); and the contribution of DahA was of 22.7% (Sapucaia winter) up to 45.3% (Canoas summer). The contribution of Ind for the BaPeq levels was of 15.0% (Sapucaia summer) up to 17.8% (Sapucaia winter). Since 2006 to 2013, the highest BaPeq levels were observed in winter in the study, and there has not been an increase in the contribution in the BaPeq levels of potentially carcinogenic PAHs, except for Ind. The recent established air quality limit of the European Parliament, the scientific publication of the IARC and the carcinogenic risk demonstrate the importance that these pollutants require maximum reduction and their study. These results may help the environmental agency and government to have tools to control PAHs in ambient air.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m−3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m−3. The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source app...
STUDIES ON PRESENCE OF PAHs IN AMBIENT AIR OF NAGPUR CITY (INDIA)
2012
ABSTARCT Polyaromatic hydrocarbons often are by product of petroleum processing or combustion. Many of these compounds are highly carcinogenic at relatively low levels. Highly carcinogenic & mutagenic compounds such as Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH's), Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's), Alkenes, Olefins etc. are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel. Among the various organic pollutants in air, PAHs are the largest single class of known carcinogens. They are a class of organic fraction associated with suspended particulate matter (SPM) and are widely disseminated throughout the atmosphere. Both forms, in gaseous state as well as in particulate matter in bounded form can be inhaled into the lungs. Out of sixteen PAH's Benzo(a) Anthracene [B{a}A], Benzo (b) Flouranthene [B{b}F] and Benzo (a) Pyrene [B{a}P] are known to be potentially weak, and moderate carcinogenic selected for this study. This report presents the profile of PAH, monito...
2016
This study developed analytical methods to quantify particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs). The methods were used to characterise PAHs in house dust and particulate matter (PM10) samples, respectively, in two case studies. Dust samples were collected from rural households in Malawi to represent indoor particles from biomass fuel combustion. PM10 samples were collected from three sites in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Thailand to represent air pollutants in roadside, industrial and urban background environments. PAHs were quantified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometer(GCxGC TOFMS) was used for the screening of unknown air pollutants in PM10. Low molecular weight 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs were more abundant in dust samples collected in Malawi, while high molecular weight 4-ring to 6-ring PAHs were more abundant in PM10 samples collected in Thailand. Spatial and temporal variations in PM10 and pPAH concentrations were examined between and within the three sampling sites in Thailand. Annual average benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations were 0.47 ± 0.39 ng m-3, 0.35 ± 0.27 ng m-3 and 0.24 ± 0.19 ng m-3 at the roadside, industrial and urban background sites, respectively. Cancer risks associated with pPAHs were estimated using BaP and BaP toxic equivalency (BaP-TEQ) concentrations. The highest incremental lifetime cancer risk was found in the residential adult group at 4.2 x 10-7 at the industrial site. Although the highest PM10 and total PAHs concentrations were found at the roadside site, the highest carcinogenic potential of total PAH (in terms of BaP toxic equivalency concentration) was found at the industrial site. Thus, the cancer risk estimation relies more on the composition of pPAHs than its concentration. Estimated lifetime lung cancer risks associated with pPAHs in all three sites were in the ‘acceptable’ range of less than 1 x 10-6 defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
International journal of environmental health research, 2015
This study presents the analyses of urinary biomarkers (1-OHPyr, α- and β-naphthols) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and biomarkers of effect (i.e. blood parameters) in petroleum-refinery workers (RFs) and auto-repair workers (MCs). Exposed subjects had higher concentrations of white blood cell (WBC) count than control subjects (CN) subjects (5.31 × 10(3) μL(-1) in exposed vs. 5.15 × 10(3) μL(-1) in CN subjects), while the biomarker of oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) was significantly higher in MCs. The exposure among these two cohorts could be influenced by the ambience of the workplaces; in fact, MCs' shops are relatively damp and enclosed workplaces in comparison with the indoor environment of refineries. PAHs in the dust samples from mechanical workshops probably originated from mixed sources (traffic exhaust and petroleum spills), while the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for MCs showed moderate-to-low cancer risk from exposure to dust-bound PAHs. ...
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2021
This study investigates the concentrations of PM 10-bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM 10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM 10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m − 3 , respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m − 3 , respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM 10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10 − 6 and 1 × 10 − 4 , and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people's health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure.