Márkus, Beáta. 2020. “Csak egy csepp német vér.” A német származású civilek Szovjetunióba deportálása Magyarországról 1944/1945 ["Just a drop of German blood:" The Deportation of German Civilians to the Soviet Union from Hungary in 1944/1945]. Pécs: Kronosz Kiadó. 469 pp. (original) (raw)
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Klimo1956_1942_HungarianHistoricalReview2016 (1).pdf
Two acts of mass violence that occurred during World War II have strained relations between Hungarians and Serbs for decades: the murder of several thousand civilians in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and the surrounding villages in January 1942, committed by the Hungarian army and gendarmerie, and Tito’s partisan army’s mass killings and incarceration of tens of thousands civilians, most of them Hungarians, at the end of the War. This was particularly the case when the Communist regimes in Hungary and Yugoslavia based the legitimation of their authority on anti-Fascist narratives and interpretations of the war, which stood in ever starker contrast to everyday realities. When Kádár began to renew the Anti-Fascist narrative and develop a (moderate) critique of Stalinism in the 1960s, the remembrance of the 1942massacre changed. In Yugoslavia, the weakening of the central government in the 1960s contributed to a local re-appropriation of the memory of 1942, while the 1944 killings remained a strict taboo until 1989.
Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941
Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941, 2024
At the end of August 1941, the Nazi German Einsatzgruppe, together with German Police Battalion 320 and Ukrainian auxiliaries, killed approximately 23,600 persons (mainly Jews) at Kamianets-Podilskyi. While some researchers assert that Roma were deported from Hungary and Hungarian-occupied Transcarpathia (presentday Ukraine) despite the absence of official reports, other scholars argue that Hungarian leaders may have planned to ethnically "cleanse" the area of Roma, but the plan was never executed, resulting in no deportations or deaths. This article presents new findings that support the former position, and argues that roughly one thousand Roma were expelled from Transcarpathia. New evidence includes a report detailing the ongoing operation to expel Roma, census data indicating a significant reduction in the Roma population near the border, as well as indications that individuals other than Jews were expelled, likely Roma. Only circumstantial evidence-verbal orders to eliminate Roma and reports of Roma killings by the same special commando in different locations-supports the claim that Roma were killed in the August 1941 massacre, though later reports from 1942 explicitly identify Roma victims. After analyzing this new evidence, the author supports the claim that Roma were deported and potentially killed earlier than had previously been known.
2019
The topic of the article is the history of a Hungarian ethnic group, the Szekelys of Bukovina during and after the Second World War from the perspective of legal history. The Szekelys, who fled from Transylvania after the massacre of Madefalva (1764), had lived for almost two centuries in five villages in Bukovina, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. Bukovina became part of the Kingdom of Romania after the First World War, and the Szekely villages became overpopulated and suffered from the increasing Romanian nationalism. Plans to resettle the Szekelys of Bukovina date back to the 19th century when a special act was made, but only a few thousand Szekelys left Bukovina. Hungary and Romania signed an international treaty in 1941 on the resettlement of the Szekelys from Bukovina to Hungary. The settlement was an element of the forced rehungarization of the Vojvodina region occupied by Hungary in early 1941. The migrants of the state enforced settlement action received...
THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY
Strategic Impact, 2021
Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
The Holocaust and the Hungarian Occupation Forces in the West-Ukrainian Territories
Alternatives, Turning Points and Regime Changes in Russian History and Culture - Materials of the First International Conference for Young Scholars of Russian Studies at the Centre for Russian Studies in Budapest, 19-20 May, 2014 (Ruszisztikai Könyvek XLI.), 2015
The Hungarian Royal Army occupied more than half million square kilometres in the Soviet Union between 1941 and 1944. During the occupancy the soldiers of the Hungarian Occupation Forces were instrumental in the destruction of Ukrainian Jews. It has two reasons: the Hungarian units collaborated with Germans and the Hungarian Army was anti-semite in partisan war. In my writing I demonstrate through examples of two Hungarian units the ambivalent Jewish Policy of the Hungarian Army in the occupied Soviet territories. The members of the 49/II and 50/I battalions were involved in the liquidation of ghettos in Gaysin and its countryside in 1941–1942.
The Soviet Prisoners of War and the Hungarian Royal Army 1941-1943
In my study I examine the POW's policy of Hungary. My research is based on Hungarian and Soviet documents as well. Beside of the files of the military units and institutions (e. g. Second Hungarian Army, the Command of Hungarian Occupation Group, Ministry of Defence) I research the writings of post-war trials, contemporary diaries and reminiscences. The treatment of POW's related to the German occupation policy, on the other hand, the independent Hungarian politics did not exist. In the start of the war against Soviet Union the German and Hungarian high commands agreed, that the Hungarians had to hand over the caught soldiers to Germans in the Eastern Front. However, this fact does not mean, that the Hungarian Army had not to do anything with the issue of Soviet prisoner of wars. Before Hungary went to war against Soviet Union, the members of defeated Soviet units had surrendered to the Hungarian frontier-guards in the Subcarpathian border. The units of Carpathian Group and Rapid Corps took thousands of Soviet soldiers prisoner in the first week of the campaign. The soldiers of the Hungarian Occupation Forces held the masses of hungry and washed out Soviet prisoners in the German prisoner-of-war camps in 1941. The units of the Second Hungarian Army took captured thousands of Soviet soldiers during the combats around the bridgehead of Don river. These people were got in Hungarian temporary camp, where they did not receive any sufficient treatment and they had to bear atrocities as well. The work of POW's played an important role in the rear area of the 2nd Army. They had to work – integrated to labour units - widely behind the front, e. g. in agriculture, logging and constructions. After the Soviet attack, the provision of the prisoners broke down, that caused the death of many prisoners of war.