Obesity, smoking, and risk of vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies (original) (raw)
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The relationship between smoking and age at the menopause: a systematic review
Maturitas, 2008
Context and objective: Increasing life expectancy has made it ever more important to study the factors that influence the age at the menopause, given that when it is reached outside of the normal range, it is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Among the factors studied in relation to early menopause, smoking is prominent. Destruction of the ovarian follicles is one of the mechanisms postulated for this effect. The aim of this study was to review and describe the associations between age at the menopause and the habit of smoking, its duration and its intensity. Method: A systematic review of the literature indexed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases was conducted, without restriction on publication date. After initially identifying 1325 articles and preselecting 161 articles for consideration of their complete texts, 96 articles reporting on the results from 109 studies were selected for analysis. Results: A great majority of the studies reported an association between the habit of smoking and early menopause, but there was no clear evidence that the duration of smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked had any association with age at the natural menopause. Conclusion: Additional studies are needed, preferably of prospective nature and with a large number of women, in order to deepen the knowledge of the effects of various aspects of smoking on age at the menopause. Experimental studies on animals may also contribute towards clarifying the physiopathological mechanisms through which smoking influences age at the menopause.
Cigarette smoking and age of menopause: A large prospective study
Maturitas, 2012
Objectives: One of the possible consequences of tobacco consumption is that it contributes to an earlier age of menopause, though the causal relationship is yet to be confirmed. This study aimed to examine the prospective association between smoking and earlier age of menopause in a cohort of middle age Australian women after adjustment for a number of potential confounders. Study design: 21-Year follow-up of a cohort prospective study, Brisbane, Australia. Main outcome measures: Age of menopause measured at the 21-year follow-up. Smoking and menopausal status were assessed by self-report. Other covariates were measured prospectively in the previous followups.
International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences
Objectives: The present study aimed at finding the effect of menopausal transition, exercise, smoking, and obesity on menopausal transition. In addition, the impact of menopausal transition on women’s quality of life was investigated. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at family medicine clinics of Jordan University Hospital (JUH). Totally, 359 women whose age varied from 45 to 65 years old were included, Variables including sociodemographic, smoking exercise and obesity, menopause status and its symptoms, and quality of life were assessed by self-administered and validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 16. Results: The mean age at the menopause was 49.4 years. More than 38% of the participants practiced no or irregular exercise and slightly more than 92% had abnormal body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 . Besides, women who practiced no or irregular exercise were significantly more likely to experience irritability, be mentally and...
Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Early Natural Menopause
American Journal of Epidemiology
Menopause before 45 years of age affects roughly 5%-10% of women and is associated with a higher risk of adverse health conditions. Although smoking may increase the risk of early menopause, evidence is inconsistent, and data regarding smoking amount, duration, cessation, associated risks, and patterns over time are scant. We analyzed data of 116,429 nurses from the Nurses' Health Study II from 1989 through 2011 and used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for confounders. Compared with never-smokers, current smokers (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71, 2.11) and former smokers (HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) showed an increased risk of early menopause. Increased risks were observed among women who reported current smoking for 11-15 pack-years (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.18), 16-20 pack-years (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.14), and more than 20 pack-years (HR = 2.42, 95% CI: 2.11, 2.77). Elevated risk was observed in former smokers who reported 11-15 pack-years (
Menopausal Review
Introduction: Menopause is the last physiological menstrual period and is a complex process involving the following: endocrine, genitourinary, cardiovascular, and locomotor system, and it leads to vasomotor symptoms and psychological complaints. This study aims to investigate the influence of smoking and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors on the age of onset of menopause in women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Material and methods: This study included 460 women in natural menopause. The study was conducted in 2 phases: interview and measurement of BMI. Each patient underwent an interview based on the questionnaire, following the verbal consent of the patient, who had previously been explained the nature of the research. Results: The age at which menopause occurs increases with the BMI increase, and it can be described by the regression equation: age = 0.096 × BMI + 45.7, which has statistical significance. The mean age of menopause occurrence in current smokers was lower (47.5 ±0.4 years) than in non-smokers (48.8 ±0.2 years) (p = 0.010). Conclusions: Our study confirmed the statistically significant correlation between smoking, BMI, and age of onset of menopause.
International journal of health sciences
This narrative review paper aims at highlighting the menopausal obesity-related health problems in women, their effects on physical and mental health, the mechanism of its development and its impact on the functionality of the female hormones. Furthermore, we also try to understand the lifestyle behaviour patterns that cause deleterious health consequences, thus disrupting the production of estrogen and increasing hyperandrogenaemia (high levels of androgens) in postmenopausal females. Also, we have addressed some healthier lifestyle alternatives and the use of hormonal substitution treatment, if applicable. Menopause is characterized by a change in the hormonal structure in women, wherein, there is a rapid decline in estrogen levels, which is a major contributor to the central abdominal fat accumulation, reduction in subcutaneous fat and increase in total adiposity. Women after menopause are thus thrice as likely as premenopausal women to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome. The...
Relationship Between Obesity, Menopausal Status and Breast Cancer Risks - A Review
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences
Various research studies have demonstrated that increased concentrations of circulating estrogen levels and higher bioavailability leads to the increased risk of "breast cancer" in "postmenopausal" stages [1, 2]. Additionally, several reports also showed the positive relationship among the menopausal hormones, their changes and the adiposity or "obesity" [3, 4]. Although "obesity" is recognised as the higher risk factor for "breast cancer" especially in "postmenopausal" females, the contrary condition embraces aforementioned to the stage of menopause where the "obesity" is linked with the lower risk in younger women [5]. The consequence of "obesity" on
The Effect of Obesity and Overweightness on Age of Menopausal Females
Shiraz E-Medical Journal
Background: The annual increase in the prevalence of obesity around the world highlights the importance of comorbidities. Along with hormonal changes induced by increased body mass index (BMI), age at menopause might also affect female's health profoundly. Thus, the present study aimed at studying the association between obesity and overweightness on age of menopause in females. Methods: In this study, patients, who were referred to the obesity clinic of Rasoule-Akram hospital, during years 2011 and 2013 were recruited and the required information were extracted from the center's database. Inclusion criteria consisted of high BMI, no history of hysterectomy, genital tract cancer, no history of radiation to the abdomen or pelvis, and no primary amenorrhea. For analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's post hoc test for multiple comparisons considering α of 0.05 for significance level were used and all data were analyzed by the SPSS version 22 software. Results: The mean age of menopause was 51.6 ± 6 years and the majority of obese females had normal menopause age (57.6%). There was no significant association between the patients BMI and age of menopause and it seems that obesity and overweightness had no effect on age of menopause (P = 0.2). Conclusions: It seems that overweightness or obesity was not associated with age of menopause, so it could not be said that females, who were overweight or obese compared to normal-weight females had earlier or later menopause.
Maturitas, 2011
Objectives: To describe symptoms during the menopausal transition and age at menopause in a representative Norwegian female cohort over a ten year period, to analyze factors associated with frequency and burden of symptoms and influence on self-rated health. Study design: 2229 women aged 40-44 years at inclusion, randomly selected from a national health survey in Hordaland County, Norway, and followed with seven postal questionnaires from 1997 throughout 2009. Data for 2002 women (90%) were eligible for analyses. Results: In a longitudinal analysis, 36% of the women reported daily hot flushes in one or more questionnaires, whereas 29% did not experience hot flushes at all. The prevalence of daily hot flushes increased from 2% at age 41-42 to 22% at age 53-54, decreasing to 20% at age 55-57. The odds ratio for reporting daily hot flushes vs. never/seldom for daily smokers was 1.6 (1.24-2.10). Women in the lowest education group had an OR = 1.8 (1.21-2.56) for reporting daily hot flushes compared to women with a university degree. There was no relation between the symptom burden and degree of physical exercise, overall feeling of health, BMI, family income, parity or menarche age as recorded at baseline. The mean age for final menstruation period (FMP) in the cohort was 51.1 (50.9-51.3) years. Smokers had a mean age of FMP 0.9 years earlier compared to the non-smokers. Conclusions: Daily smoking and educational level were independent risk factors for experiencing daily menopausal symptoms. Degree of physical exercise, BMI, parity or menarche age did not have significant influence.