Settlement of the USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (original) (raw)
Submerged Cultural Resources Study: Uss Arizona Memorial and Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark
2017
inspects embrasures of No. 1 turret 4 1.2. The USS ARIZONA from the air 4 1.3. NPS and Navy divers deploy from the tour boat dock 5 1.4. BBC camera team films the operation 5 1.5. BBC cameraman John Beck 7 1.6. NPS Diving Officer, Dave McLean and Scott Henderson 7 2.1. Japanese carriers readying for attack 17 2.2. Japanese torpedo plane takes off 17 2.3. Destroyer SHAW explodes 2.4. Launch speeds by during attack 2.5. Photo early during first wave assault 2.6. Photograph taken from Japanese planes 2.7. Oblique perspective of Battleship Row 20 2.8. Overhead perspective of Battleship Row 2.9. Japanese plane flies over submarines 21 2.10. Arch of billowing smoke 2.11. Fireboat assists in fighting fires 2.12. 1010 dock after the attack 22 2.13. Seaplane ramp at Ford Island 2.14. Attack aftermath at Hickam Field 2.15. Launching of the USS ARIZONA 2.16. Tugs control the ARIZONA 2.17. The ARIZONA heads down the East River 2.18. The ARIZONA after major modifications 27 2.19. The ARIZONA before bird-cage masts were removed 28 2.20. The ARIZONA after major modifications 28 2.21. The ARIZONA at Puget Sound Navy Yard 28 2.22. Aftermath: The ARIZONA from port bow looking aft 2.23. Aftermath: The ARIZONA midships vii 2.24. The ARIZONA from port stern looking foward 32 2.25. The ARIZONA from starboard stern looking forward 32 2.26. Forward mast being removed from the ARIZONA 33 2.27. One of the 14-inch gun tubes being removed 33 2.28. Rotating portion of turret no. 3 being removed 2.29. View looking forward on deck 2.30. Salvage team removing air mask and safety belt 37 2.31. Team about to enter pressure lock 2.32. Salvaging powder bags from the ARIZONA 38 2.33. The USS UTAH as battleship before conversion 39 2.34. The UTAH in heavy seas 39 2.35. The UTAH underway as bombing target ship 43 2.36. The UTAH receiving new coat of camouflage paint 43 2.37. The UTAH as target ship with timbers protecting deck 2.38. The UTAH turned turtle after attack 47 2.39. The UTAH salvage: attempt to right the ship 47 2.40. The UTAH partially righted during salvage operations 49 2.41. "Val" dive bomber being removed from Pearl Harbor 2.42. "Val" that crashed during the attack 2.43. The Nine Young Gods 68 2.44. Midget sub being removed from the bottom 2.45. Japanese midget submarine beached at Bellows 2.46. Conning tower of Japanese midget submarine 2.47. LST exploding during West Loch disaster 2.48. Burning LSTs at West Loch 2.49. Fighting fires at West Loch 2.50. Aftermath of West Loch explosion 3.1. U.S. Navy divers add marked clips to survey line 77 3.2. Numbered clothespins mark a survey point 77 3.3. Feature is measured back to the baseline 78 3.4. Dan Lenihan records a jog in the survey baseline 3.5. Farley Watanabe and Mark Senning 79 3.6. Larry Nordby, NPS archeololgist from Santa Fe 79 3.7. Artistic renderings by Jerry Livingston 83 3.8.A. Drawings developed from 1984 mapping session 85 3.8.B. Revision of the Planimetric view from 1986 field session 85 viii 3.9. Scale model of the ARIZONA 87 3.10. Another view of the scale model 07 3.11. Jerry Livingston working at the 14-inch gun muzzles 00 3.12. Awning cover for a hatch on no. 1 turret ™ 3.13. Air cylinder protrudes from debris go, 3.14. Intact teak decking is exposed on the ARIZONA gg 3.15. Entry way to galley and mess area in the ARIZONA 3.16. Artifacts in ship's galley area 90 3.17. Coupling of fire hose on deck of ship 3.18. Tile floor in galley area 3.19. Open hatch on the ARIZONA 92 3.20. Ventilator on deck of the ARIZONA 92 3.21. Air trapped between porthole cover and glass 3.22. Number 3 barbette 3.23. Flagstaff hole 3.24. EDM used on the UTAH 98 3.25. Pearl Harbor survivor 3.26. Reserve Navy divers from MDSU One (Det319) 3.27. Perspective of the UTAH from bow 101 3.28. The UTAH looking forward from stern 102 3.29. The UTAH looking aft from bow 102 3.30. Chock on gunnel of the UTAH 3.31. Stairs lead down into interior of the UTAH 3.32. Oblique perspective of the UTAH remains 104 3.33. Two part drawings of remains of the UTAH 105 3.34. Larry Murphy and U.S. Navy personnel with side-scan 110 3.35. Monitor of Mesotech sonar 110 3.36. Chart of Pearl Harbor with sites Ill 3.37. Outer harbor chart 112 3.38. Side-scan contact 114 4.1. Locations of vertical surface biofouling stations 119 4.2. Diagram of photo alignment bar 120 4.3. Diagram of bioscraping collecting funnel 120 4.4. Biofouling material being scraped into funnel 121 4.5. Corrosion and biofouling measured 121 LX 4.6. Plot of water depth versus grams of corrosion 128 4.7. Locations of horizontal surface monitoring stations 131 4.7.A. Horizontal monitoring station cleared 137 4.7.B. Horizontal monitoring station marker 137 4.8. Locations of corrosion thickness measurements 140 4.9. Point of entry for water quality measurements 142 4.10. Water is drawn from interior spaces of the ARIZONA 143 4.11. Water analyzed for oxygen, temperature and pH levels 143 4.12. Location of bathycorrometer measurements 153 4.13. Scott Henderson with bathycorrometer 6.1. War poster shows Pearl Harbor as national symbol 6.2. Battleship MAINE disaster memorialized at Arlington 6.3. Survivors of the Little Big Horn 6.4. Modern view of Custer Battlefield x LIST OF TABLES 4.1. Common organisms observed on USS ARIZONA 4.2. Composition and thickness of fouling at stations 126 4.3. Depths, thickness and weights of corrosion 128 4.4. Descriptions of sediment, biota and underlying surfaces 132 4.5. Thickness of hard fouling 4.6. Oxygen, pH and temperature measurements made inside hull 145 4.7. Bathycorrometer measurements-the ARIZONA xi FOREWORD At a time when more and more flashy, high-tech discoveries and salvage of longlost undersea wrecks occur, this submerged cultural resource study of the Arizona Memorial is a refreshing change. The combined experience of the National Park Service's Submerged Cultural Resources Unit and the Navy's Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit One is remarkable, they are as expert at their business as can be found. What stands out, though, is that these talented divers sought and brought back for us all not artifacts, not souvenirs, not booty-simply knowledge. After the years of meticulous studies, foot-by-foot inspection and recording-the USS ARIZONA and its sister ships all still rest secure, exactly as they were before this energetic endeavor began. You, too, can rest assured that these historic undersea relics will remain unimpaired. This is a classic study of how undersea explorations ought to be done so as to leave their historic subjects intact. In this publication, you have a thoughtful summary of the knowledge they gleaned. Bryan Harry Pacific Area Director National Park Service xiii xvi mand, provided coordination regarding matters of legal compliance with environmental legislation. Brian O'Connor, diver from MDSU One participated both in his Navy capacity and at other times as a volunteer diver and researcher. The University of Hawaii, and Dr. Alex Malahof in particular, are thanked for contributing the use of a research submersible to the 1988 survey effort.
Cultural evidence of World War II is found in the nearshore waters of Hawai`i in the remnants of staging areas for the Pacific Theater of Operations. The coastal landscape, altered by military installations, landing craft, and barges, is still vividly recalled by those who lived through the war. Many vessels were disassembled and deposited in forgotten locations now known only to local fishers. Archaeologists and cultural historians must piece together this material culture with the oral history while the story can still be told. The material presented here comprises an archaeological site in Hilo Bay, located offshore of Baker’s Beach.
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2018
The USS Emmons, a 106m US Navy Gleaves-class destroyer minesweeper that sank in 40m of water off Okinawa Island, Japan after kamikaze attack in 1945, is used as a case study for examining the history, multivocal significance, and heritage management of a World War II naval battle site. A baseline record of the site was made using an innovative method incorporating precise control points obtained from high-resolution multibeam echosounding bathymetry to generate 3D models using structure-from-motion photogrammetry. The 3D models produced can be used for sharing information about this underwater cultural heritage and for future in situ monitoring of the archaeological remains.
2014
S.S. R.W. Gallagher and S.S. Cities Service Toledo were sunk by German U-boats in the Gulf of Mexico in 1942. They were investigated for their historical significance under a project led by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)/Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) archaeologists in 2010. These two shipwreck sites provide an opportunity to analyze maritime casualties within the broader theoretical framework of battlefield archaeology. Furthermore, they provide examples of site formation processes that help explain why ships end up inverted on the sea floor during sinking events. Through the dynamic research associated with identifying these ships, their history, and their context, 3D modeling is utilized in an attempt to exhibit the current state of remote-sensing and 3D modeling software. These capabilities allow archaeologists to take a static archaeological site and present it in a way that will reveal more to the public through the growing lens of graphical interpretation and interest in World War II archaeology. This thesis builds upon a foundation of current technology and theoretical principals for future research to broaden knowledge and practice of marine archaeology in the Gulf of Mexico, and beyond. (Masters Thesis)
Maritime Archaeology Survey Techniques (MAST) 2004 Field Report
Unpublished field school report, 2007
This is the final report for MAST 2004, the Maritime Archaeology Survey Techniques course offered through the Department of Anthropology, University of Hawai`i at Mānoa. Six students participated in the class, listed as ANTH 381: Archaeological Field Techniques. This report is the final product prepared by the students, with final continuity editing by the instructor. The survey location was the eastern section of Shipwreck Beach on the island of Lāna`i. Shipwreck Beach is the site of a number of documented shipwrecks from the 19th century through to the present and was used as a dumping ground for outdated or worn-out military and civilian ships. During the two weeks of the on-site survey the class mapped nearly 4 miles (5.7 km) of coastline and over 170 features including large sections of wooden wreckage, disarticulated timbers and machinery. This survey continues the findings from MAST 2001 and contributes to the small but growing corpus of information concerning maritime activities in Hawaiian waters.
2004
Archaeological excavation has documented stratifed culturai deposits at the Wainiha Beach Site in Kaua'i (Hawaiian Islands), beginning with the occupation of a residential structure dated m u n d A.D. 1030-1400. After about AD. 1400, the excavated area contains abundant evidence of widespread repeated temporary activities ending in the past-Contact era (post-AD. 1778). The presence of an earlypennanentresidence followed by alaterperiod of tenlporary activities opposes conventional understanding of a trend from temporary t o permanent occupation in similar sites in the Hawaiian Islands. The complete stratigraphic sequence is disclosed here, with reference to formation processes and depositional context of eight major strata documented in a controlled excavation 0.95 m deep. Various human activities (such as digging pits, trampling, etc.) and periodic natural high-energy events (such as tsunami) appear to have altered the upper portion3 of underlying deposits. Large section3 of the earliest human occupation layer were obliterated, and successive episodes of short-lived activities created numerous inconsistencies in the stratigraphy These results have important implica~ tions for interpreting the cultural sequence not only at Wainiha but also at other rather enigmatic beach sites in the Hawaiian Islands and elsewhere. 0 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Local Pacific Inventory: Maritime heritage resources in the Main Hawaiian Islands
2014
The systematic investigation of underwater cultural heritage in the islands started in 1989 with the University of Hawai`i's Marine Option Program. This slowly grew into a graduate certificate program in maritime archaeology and history. Manned submersibles with the Hawai`i Undersea Research Lab contribute to deep water discoveries and site surveys. Today the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of National Marine Sanctuaries continues heritage resource site assessments in Hawai`i, in collaboration with partner agencies and programs. The underwater cultural heritage in Hawai`i reflects a multicultural diversity of archaeological and historic properties, such as coastal stone fishponds, submerged heiau, 19th century plantation landings, inter island steamships etc. Major events like World War II left behind numerous naval shipwrecks and submerged aircraft. These are the physical elements of maritime cultural landscapes that describe Hawai`i's maritime past.