Negative Parenting, Adolescents’ Emotion Regulation, Self-Efficacy in Emotion Regulation, and Psychological Adjustment (original) (raw)
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The Effect of Perceived Parental Behavior on Adolescent Emotional Regulation
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SAGE Open
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Parenting Styles as Predictors of Emotion Regulation Among Adolescents
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The present study examines whether early adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation mediate the relation between parents' self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation and early adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants were 534 early adolescents (T1: M age = 10.89, SD = .70; 50% female), their mothers (n = 534), and their fathers (n = 431). Families were drawn from Colombia, Italy, and the USA. Follow-up data were obtained two (T2) and three (T3) years later. At T1 and T3, parents' self-efficacy beliefs were self-reported and internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed via mothers', fathers', and early adolescents' reports. At T2, early adolescents' self-efficacy beliefs were self-reported Within the overall sample, mothers with higher self-efficacy beliefs about anger regulation had children with similar beliefs. Early adolescents' low self-efficacy beliefs were associated with higher internaliz...
Journal of Adolescence, 2013
Maternal hostility/rejection and warmth were considered as potential mediators of the relation between mothers' and adolescents' emotion regulation. Participants were first-year high school students living in Ankara, Turkey and their mothers (N ¼ 365). Scales assessing emotion regulation difficulties and maternal hostility/rejection and warmth were administered to both the adolescents and their mothers. Maternal hostility/rejection, but not warmth, mediated the relation between maternal and adolescent emotion regulation. For girls there was, additionally, a direct effect of maternal emotion regulation. The different roles played by parental rejection and parental warmth in the development of adolescents' emotion regulation accord with arguments that socialization occurs in different domains and that rejection and warmth are not aspects of the same domain.
Research Square (Research Square), 2023
A child's ability to cope with stress is shaped by experiences in the parent-child relationship. The direct effect of a parent's response to anger and happiness in childhood on adolescents' and emerging adults' psychological distress, and the indirect effect through the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies, speci cally cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression, were measured. To achieve our research aim we tested four parallel mediation models, using the bootstrapping method. A group of 497 participants, aged between 14 and 35 years (M = 18.62; SD = 3.32), 66% female (n = 332) and 34% male (n = 165), completed a questionnaire comprised of self-reporting measures. The results indicate direct effects between emotion socialization and distress for seven independent variables. The mother's and father's positive responses to anger and happiness are signi cant negative predictors of distress, the negative responses of both parents to happiness, and the mother's negative response to anger, but not the father's, are signi cant positive predictors of distress. The ndings also provide support for the mediating role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal for the mother's positive response to both, anger and happiness, as well as for the mother's negative response to the child's expression of happiness. None of father's responses, positive or negative, in relation to anger or happiness, are mediated by emotion regulation strategies in relation to distress. The ndings have some important theoretical and clinical implications for distressed adolescents and emerging adults. Theoretical and conceptual framing Developmental studies consistently indicate that parents have the primary role in shaping a child's emotional development, by their direct and indirect, verbal or nonverbal messages addressed to their children. Dealing with anger, happiness, fear or sadness are emotional and social daily lessons that put together parent and child in a positive or negative interaction with implications for their development and wellbeing. According to the tripartite model of parental in uences (Morris et al., 2007), the family context impacts emotional development through three pathways: the emotional climate, the parenting style and the emotional quality of marital relationships. Parent-child interactions, with all its components, (parents' reactions to the child's emotions), whether supportive (e.g. reward) or unsupportive (e.g. punishment, neglect) are re ected in their emotional life and represent an important predictor for the development of emotion regulation (Kullik & Petermann, 2013) and wellbeing (Root & Denham, 2010; Houltberg et al., 2012). Thus, parental emotion socialization is a process that helps a child to identify and appropriately express and manage their emotions, due to the parents' reactions to their child's emotions. Retrospective reports of adolescents have shown that parental socialization emotional strategies project emotional effects into adulthood. The Malatesta-Magai model of parental style of emotion socialization (Malatesta-Magai, 1991), that de ned the concepts and variables of this study, delimits ve strategies, used by parents when it comes to emotion socialization: reward, punishment, override, neglect and magnify. From a functionalist approach, emotion socialization implies responses to concrete emotions. In this research, we will analyze anger and happiness, because a number of studies have identi ed the existence of core emotions relevant for emotional development, frequently implied in internalization or externalization problems (Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007; Zeman et al., 2010). Anger is an emotion that communicates a need for limits and rules and activates a defense system. Happiness functions as a signal to make some activities that bring personal satisfaction, promote positive relationships through emotional contagion and wellbeing ((Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007). According to a processual model of emotion regulation, (Gross, 1998) there are lots of strategies that can intervene in different moments of emotional experience: anterior-focused, like situation selection, situation modi cation, attentional deployment and cognitive change or response-focused that can be a response modulation. A speci c type of cognitive change is cognitive reappraisal (CR) and, for response modulation, there is expressive suppression (ER). CR and ES are two strategies with multiple implications for mental health and wellbeing. A person who activates CR tends to negotiate stressful events by interpreting them in an optimistic manner (John & Gross, 2004; Haga et al., 2009) and have a high level of life satisfaction and self-esteem, a lower level of anxiety, depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (Zimmer-Gembeck et al., 2022); Miklósi et al., 2014; Kullik & Petermann, 2013). ES involves the inhibition of emotion expression and leads to a series of psychological consequences, like both externalizing and internalizing problems in early childhood, through adolescence and emerging adulthood (Buckner et al., 2003; (Cheung et al., 2019). Although together, all these theories and models explain the emotional impact of parents with regards their child's development; it is important to extend knowledge by examining the role of emotion regulation strategies, like protective factors, between parental in uences and distress (Cloitre et al., 2019). Problem statement Parental emotion socialization and its emotional consequences Signi cant correlations between negative emotions socialization and internalization issues are a constant of several studies; thus, sadness or fear, punishment or neglect, were associated with high levels of psychological distress in adulthood (Brand & Klimes-Dougan, 2010); Silk & House, 2011; Klimes-Dougan et al., 2007). Punishment of positive emotions correlates with high levels of distress, while reward is associated with lower levels of distress (Ramakrishnan et al., 2019). Although the topic of emotion socialization is important and relevant in multiple areas of psychology, there are few studies that have examined the socialization process of speci c negative (e.g. fear, anger) or positive emotions (e.g. happiness), separately by the mother and father (Root & Denham, 2010). Furthermore, there is relative extensive research on negative emotions and a lack of research in positive socialization emotions (Ramakrishnan et al., 2019).
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PARENTAL UNSUPPORTIVE RESPONSES TO CHILDRENS NEGATIVE EMOTIONS
The aim of this study was to explore the role of maternal and paternal emotion regulation, dysfunctional attributions, socialization goals and education on unsupportive emotion socialization practices in a sample of Greek parents. The impact of child gender and age was also explored in that context. Total of 99 mothers and 61 fathers of children aged 3-7 years were asked to rate how likely it would be to respond with supportive and unsupportive (distress, minimization or punitive) reactions in the face of their child’s negative emotions, using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. The parents also filled in the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Parent Cognition Scale and the Parenting Goals Questionnaire while parent education levels and child gender and age were recorded through demographic information reports. Results showed a significant negative relationship between cognitive reappraisal and parental non-supportive responses and a positive relationship between parent-centered attributions and non-supportive responses for both mothers and fathers. Socialization goals, with the exception of the social adjustment scale have not been found to be significantly related to any of the negative parental reactions. Findings between mothers and fathers were overall quite similar with only a few differences. Implications for future research and parenting intervention programs are further discussed.
Healthcare
A child’s ability to cope with stress is shaped by experiences in a parent–child relationship. In this study, the direct effect of a parent’s response to anger and happiness in childhood on adolescents’ and emerging adults’ psychological distress and the indirect effect through the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies—specifically, cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression—were measured. To achieve our research aim, we tested four parallel mediation models using the bootstrapping method. A group of 497 participants aged between 14 and 35 years (M = 18.62; SD = 3.32), 66% female (n = 332) and 34% male (n = 165), completed a questionnaire comprising self-reporting measures. The results indicate direct effects between emotion socialization and distress for seven independent variables. The mother’s and father’s positive responses to anger and happiness are significant negative predictors of distress; the negative responses of both parents to happiness, and the mother’s ...
DergiPark (Istanbul University), 2022
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived parental acceptance-rejection levels and emotion regulation skills in adult women who are mothers. 490 people participated in the study and the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Scale and Emotion Regulation Difficulties Questionnaire were applied to the participants. In addition, socio-demographic information of the participants was obtained in order to evaluate the variables of age, gender, education level, marital status, income level, and parent income level. Statistical data analysis (SPSS 23.0) was used to analyze the research variables. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the levels of perceived acceptance rejection from parents and emotion regulation. Perceived rejection was significantly associated with emotion regulation difficulties; it was concluded that the perceived rejection from parents significantly predicted the difficulties of emotion regulation. Additionally, it was determined that the perceived parental rejection of the individuals at the undergraduate or graduate education level was lower than the individuals with primary or secondary education. The results show that individuals can develop emotion regulation skills depending on their perception of the type of communication they have with their parents. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended to conduct studies on psycho-education, parent education programs and supportive mother attitudes for the development and well-being of mothers.
Journal of Adolescence, 2020
The present study calls attention to the longitudinal relations between mothers', fathers', and adolescents' emotion dysregulation and adolescents' internalizing problems. To this end, we tested the associations between family members' emotion dysregulation and adolescents' internalizing problems over time. Methods: Over a 12-month period, 386 Chinese families from Hong Kong involving mothers, fathers, and adolescent children (children at 12-17 years of age; boys = 185, girls = 201) completed a set of questionnaires twice. Results: Multi-group path analysis revealed unidirectional effects of mothers' emotion dysregulation on fathers' and adolescents' emotion dysregulation over time. Adolescents' emotion dysregulation was also related to their subsequent internalizing problems. The associations did not differ as a function of adolescents' gender. Conclusion: The present findings underscore the significance of mothers' emotion dysregulation on fathers' and adolescents' emotion dysregulation. As a risk factor, adolescents' emotion dysregulation was also predictive of their internalizing problems 12 months later. Taken together, this study serves to inform prevention and intervention efforts in promoting emotion regulation as a family asset associated with fewer adolescents' internalizing problems.