A comparative review of fisheries management experiences in the European Union and in other countries worldwide: Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand (original) (raw)
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Aquatic Living …, 2009
This review aims at comparing the fisheries management systems existing in New Zealand and in the European Union. The involvement of stakeholders at all stages of the management process is generally more transparent and better established in New Zealand than in the EU. Both systems aim at achieving an adequate balance between sustainability and utilisation and consider the precautionary approach as a founding principle. The social objectives are probably more explicit in the EU management system. In New Zealand, BMSY is a legal management target for all stocks in the quota management system (QMS), but management strategies were poorly explicit until most recently. In the EU, there have not been any legal management targets or strategies until 1999. Since 1999, a number of multi-annual recovery and management plans have been established, including both management targets and strategies. Both management systems include conservation and access regulation measures. The EU management measures aim at regulating fisheries outputs and inputs, and discarding is tolerated. New Zealand management is almost exclusively output-based, and discarding practices are banned. In the EU, while individual quotas (IQs) are implicit in several countries, there is no consistent pattern across Member States for allocating TACs. In New Zealand, individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are implemented, and some flexibility in catch-quota balancing is provided by a carry-over allowance and the payment of a landing tax, the deemed value, for every fish landed above quota. If rights-based management were introduced in the EU based on, e.g., the New Zealand model, we suggest that concentration rules be set in accordance with the social objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy, and also that the deemed value should be set based on science and economics.
Nordic experience of fisheries management
TemaNord, 2009
The Nordic countries have developed seven distinct types of fisheries management. Unlike the West Nordic countries (Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Norway), which are not members of the European Union, Denmark, Sweden and Finland are subject to the EU's Common Fisheries Policy. The seven systems operate in societies that, historically and socially, are characterised by a close sense of affinity and shared values. However, these systems operate under conditions that differ significantly from nation to nation, especially in terms of the countries' economic dependence on fishery resources, their socio-cultural approaches to fisheries, and their marine ecosystems. As a result of these factors, the Nordic countries have relatively diverse systems of fisheries management. International evaluations of global fisheries management take place at regular intervals. These are conducted by different organisations and employ different criteria. All of these evaluations have ranked the Nordic systems, especially the West Nordic ones, among the best in the world. Nordic diversity i Fisheries Mangement has therefore proven successful at an international level. The Nordic Region is home to many highly sustainable solutions. The report in your hand is part of the Nordic Council of Ministers' contribution to the debate about reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The Commission's Green Paper on the CFP, which was published in spring 2009, posed many relevant questions about future fisheries policy and stressed the need for a wide-ranging and fundamental debate on the current situation. The whole basis of EU fisheries policy is up for discussion, and the Nordic Council of Ministers has decided to make an active contribution to that debate.
The waters surrounding the Nordic countries are rich in fish resources. Up to this date fisheries has been among the most important productive sectors in the Nordic economies, and in the Faroe Islands and Greenland it is by far the most important sector. Management of marine fisheries has over time had various objectives in the Nordic countries, ranging from fiscal and social purposes to stock conservation and socio-economic well-being in recent years. There are strong similarities between the Nordic countries, but differences in ecosystem and the socio-cultural settings of the fisheries have lead to differentiated management systems anyhow. The purpose of this note is to bring Nordic experience into the discussion of the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy. The discussion takes as its point of departure the so-called Green Paper in which the Commission has summarised the status of the EU fisheries and also put themes and questions up for discussion. The themes and cases of this n...
Objectives of fisheries management: case studies from the UK, France, Spain and Denmark
Marine Policy, 2002
The main objectives of fisheries management are generally similar throughout the world. These are often stated in policy documents such as the Common Fisheries Policy and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. However, at the local level often the key objectives of management are more detailed, characterised by both the overriding management structure and the status and type of fishery concerned. In this paper, we consider case study fisheries from the UK, France, Spain and Denmark to compare some of the various types of fisheries and fisheries management systems that exist in the European Union. From this, we define the key objectives for each management system. r
The regional management of fisheries in European Western Waters
Marine Policy, 2015
A survey of past and existing management measures applied to different fisheries in European Western Waters is analyzed as a typology of co-management between governments and stakeholders. Faced with increasing constraints on accessing fish stocks, management measures have evolved toward fishing rights individualization, limited access and various other specific measures. Restrictions on access have changed fishermen's behaviour in several significant ways. A comparative analysis, based on qualitative data collected through interviews and focus groups, is developed for fisheries from the following European countries: France, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom. Past and existing individual harvesting rights in the four countries are reviewed and compared.
Multi-disciplinary, Multi-faceted Approaches to Fisheries Management: Do we need to do all this?
2002
This paper looks at some of the seemingly positive developments in fisheries governance over the last twenty-five years. It asks why fisheries management, if improving, is still failing in its basic objective of managing the people who catch fish so as to ensure that there are enough fish left out there to harvest year after year. The conclusion is that the advent of such frameworks as participatory management, co-management, devolved management, and ecosystem-based management, has greatly improved the context in which fisheries management occurs, but that the fisheries management community has, in the most part, failed to address and resolve the fundamental problem in fisheries – namely, the ability to keep fish in the water for the future. The paper concludes with thoughts for a fresh and unencumbered look at fisheries management and towards the design of fisheries management strategies that create and align incentives.
Small scale fisheries in Europe: A comparative analysis based on a selection of case studies
Fisheries Research, 2013
Small-scale fisheries have traditionally received less research effort than large-scale fisheries and are generally under-studied in Europe. In spite of their comparatively low volume of catches and economic importance, small-scale fisheries are socially important and an integral part of the European coastal zone. Considering the high heterogeneity of situations and the paucity of quantitative data, we used an analytical methodology based on the comparative method. We carried out an analysis of small-scale fisheries (SSFs) in Europe based on a selection of nine case studies. Our objective was to obtain a comprehensive description of small-scale fleets covering different areas/fisheries/species, encompassing the diversity and specific conditions under which SSFs operate, in order to demonstrate the ecological and social sustainability of this often overlooked fisheries segment. A common approach formulated so that the case studies could be compared with the case histories of other competing users, required that for each set of criteria -technical, biological, socio-economic, and institutional -a set of relevant items and indicators was established. An analysis of characteristics common to the selected case studies is conducted and an attempt made to extend our comparisons to the whole of the European Union. Our results show that (as compared with large-scale fleets, their main competitor) small-scale fleets: (i) are composed of smaller vessels and, consequently, travel lower distances to fishing grounds, and are more reliant on coastal areas; (ii) have smaller crews (although the global employment figure is similar to that of large-scale fleets in Europe); (iii) use mostly, but not exclusively, passive gears; (iv) use multi-purpose fishing approaches, and can change the fish species they target during the year; (v) have lower extraction rates; (vi) have lower total capital investments (including fishing rights), turnover and costs; and (vii) have lower fuel consumption, making them less sensitive to changing oil prices. Dependence on subsidies is lower (viii). Involvement in fisheries management is variable, conservation and access regulation measures are largely local in origin. For the selected case studies, the most significant competitors are large-scale fleets, and recreational fisheries, but other sources of interaction (water quality, invasive species, etc.) cannot be ignored.
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North East Atlantic vs. Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas as Fisheries Management Tool
Frontiers in Marine Science
The effectiveness of management initiatives implemented in the context of the European Common Fisheries Policy has been questioned, especially with regard to the Mediterranean. Some of the analyses made to compare the fishing activity and management measures carried out in the North East Atlantic and in the Mediterranean do not take into account some of the differentiating peculiarities of each of these regions. At the same time, they resort to traditional fisheries management measures and do not discuss the role of marine protected areas as a complementary management tool. In this respect, the apparent failure of marine protected areas in the NorthEast Atlantic compared with the same in the Mediterranean is challenging European fishery scientists. Application of the classical holistic view of ecological succession to the functioning of fishery closures and no-use areas highlights the importance of combining both management regimes to fully satisfy both fishery-and biodiversity-oriented goals. We advocate that an optimal management strategy for designing an MPA to protect biodiversity and sustain fishing yields consists of combining a network of no-use areas (close to their mature state) with fish boxes (buffer zones maintained by fishing disturbance in a relatively early successional stage, where productivity is higher), under a multi-zoning scheme. In this framework, the importance of no-use areas for fisheries is based on several observations: (1) They preserve biological diversity at regional scale, at all levels-specific, habitat/seascape, and also genetic diversity and the structure of populations, allowing natural selection to operate. (2) They permit the natural variability of the system to be differentiated from the effects of regulation and to be integrated in appropriate sampling schemes as controls. (3) They maintain the natural size and age structure of the populations, hence maximizing potential fecundity, allowing biomass export to occur from core to regulated areas, dampening the fluctuations derived from deviations from the theoretical optimal effort in the fishing zone.
Fishing Industry Perspectives on the EU Landing Obligation
The European Landing Obligation, 2018
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ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2019
Fisheries produce large amounts of waste, providing food subsidies for scavengers. Discards influence seabird movement, demography and community structure, but little is known about seabird–fishery interactions where discarding is banned. Here, we investigate how northern gannets Morus bassanus respond to fishing vessels in Iceland, where discarding commercial species is illegal, but birds may still access bait, offal, or catch. We GPS-tracked 82 foraging trips for 36 breeding gannets from two colonies (Skrúður and Hellisey) and obtained time-matched vessel locations. We classified bird behaviour using Hidden Markov Models and then tested the effect of vessel distance on behavioural state-switching using multi-state Markov models. Fishing vessels were present during 94% of foraging trips. However, the likelihood of gannets switching from travelling to foraging was unaffected by vessel proximity, regardless of gear type or activity. When encountering vessels, gannets rarely foraged b...
Reforming International Fisheries Law Can Increase Blue Carbon Sequestration
Frontiers in Marine Science
The oceans are by far the largest carbon sink and are estimated to have absorbed roughly 40 percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions since the beginning of the industrial era. The climate services performed by the oceans can be described as an interaction between a physical and a biological carbon pump. Whereas the role of the physical carbon pump is well established, the full scale of the climate services provided by the biological carbon pump has only recently been understood. This pump is made up of services provided by different marine species, from microbes to marine mammals. Many of these species are managed under the international law of the sea and subject to the concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Although the MSY concept has developed since its inception, maximum generation of fish for human consumption remains the core objective according to the law of the sea. Under MSY based management, states are not required to consider the climate services represente...
Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2021
Malaysian fisheries employ multiple measures to improve management; however, not all measures are well-suited to the multispecies characteristic of the fisheries. As part of a pilot project, an individual quota system was recently introduced for the purse-seine fishery off the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM), but no assessment of this particular measure nor the feasibly of its implementation has been confirmed. Therefore, this study analysed patterns of purse-seine fishing spatially and temporally, by collecting 2 catch composition data per landing and its fishing ground within three period fishery surveys during August 2017-September 2018 at six different landing sites along the ECPM coastline. Similarity and cluster analysis were taken by examining species composition and diversity, to determine the feasibility of implementing a single-species quota system in this multispecies fishery. Some overlapped of indices results and minor difference in catch composition were found due to changes in spatial and temporal fishing activities. However, no specific spatial or temporal patterns were discernible as structuring the fishing grounds that were used by purse-seiners in ECPM areas. The absence of patterns, using the available data, might be attributable to huge species aggregations and widely distributed and homogenously-mixed fish stocks. Thus, it is likely impractical to manage species individually in such a multispecies fishery.
Cephalopods, a gap in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive and their future integration
Marine Biology
With the aim of maintaining or obtaining good environmental status in the Northeast Atlantic and northern Mediterranean Sea, the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (EU-MSFD) came into force in 2008. All EU Member States (MS) have the task of assessing the current state of their adjacent waters to guarantee sustainable use of marine resources and healthy ecosystems for the current and future generations. Although the MSFD has been implemented for over a decade, there are still gaps in the assessment of various ecologically and commercially important marine species, such as cephalopods. Here we describe the status of cephalopods, a key component of marine ecosystems and a valuable fishing resource, within the MSFD. To do so, we review how MS deal with this group in their reporting and identify and explain the gaps in the cephalopod assessment. We describe the main challenges including the limited data and the rarity of dedicated surveys on cephalopods. However, we argue that...
Widening mismatch between UK seafood production and consumer demand: a 120-year perspective
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
Abstrac tDeveloped countries are increasingly dependent on international trade to meet seafood requirements, which has important social, environmental, and economic implications. After becoming an independent coastal state following Brexit, the UK faces increased trade barriers and changes in seafood availability and cost. We compiled a long-term (120-year) dataset of UK seafood production (landings and aquaculture), imports, and exports, and assessed the influence of policy change and consumer preference on domestic production and consumption. In the early twentieth century, distant-water fisheries met an increasing demand for large, flaky fish such as cod and haddock that are more abundant in northerly waters. Accordingly, from 1900 to 1975, the UK fleet supplied almost 90% of these fish. However, policy changes in the mid-1970s such as the widespread establishment of Exclusive Economic Zones and the UK joining the European Union resulted in large declines in distant-water fishe...
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Comparative Evaluations of Innovative Fisheries Management
2009
for their unremunerated contributions that did so much to improve the quality of this volume. This study was funded by the Commission of the European Communities Sixth Framework Program, project N • 022686 'Comparative Evaluations of Innovative Solutions in European Fisheries Management' (CEVIS). The book does not necessary reflect the Commission's views on its future policy in this area.
Is Europe ready for a results-based approach to fisheries management? The voice of stakeholders
The reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), adopted by the European Union in 2013, aims to achieve sustainable exploitation of marine resources. Beyond the mainstream of stakeholders' engagement, the literature increasingly calls for shared accountability in fisheries management. In such scenarios, identifying stakeholders' insights becomes critical for a successful design of innovative management approaches. This paper analyses how the stakeholders perceive a results-based management system for four fisheries in different European sea-basins as well as at a pan-European level. The results indicate a need for adaptive and participatory management approaches, building on regional adaptations within transparent and plural frameworks for fisheries. To succeed, the system should explicitly address its associated public and private costs; neither participation nor accountability comes for free.
Management effectiveness of the world's marine fisheries
PLoS Biology, 2009
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Review of participatory fisheries management arrangements in the European Union
Marine Policy, 2016
Promoting and attaining sustainable use of resources through community participation is a central tenet of the European Union's (EU) 2013 Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy. A systematic review approach was used to identify participatory fisheries management arrangements within the EU. Following this, the participatory arrangements were categorized based on the nature of the decision-making arrangement, influence and empowerment of the fishing industry. The study identified 40 management arrangements distributed through 8 member states, with a variety of fisheries and institutional settings for participation in fisheries management in the EU. The majority of the partnerships identified are "Functional participation", i.e., the participatory arrangement is based in predetermined goals encouraged by higher decision-making levels in order to increase efficiency of management decisions. Interactive partnership was the highest level of participation identified in the systematic review, and is usually more conducive with local arrangements in coastal and small-scale fisheries targeting low mobility species.
A typology of fisheries management tools: using experience to catalyse greater success
Fish and Fisheries, 2016
Fisheries provide nutrition and livelihoods for coastal populations, but many fisheries are fully or over-exploited and we lack an approach for analysing which factors affect management tool performance. We conducted a literature review of 390 studies to assess how fisheries characteristics affected management tool performance across both small-scale and large-scale fisheries. We defined success as increased or maintained abundance or biomass, reductions in fishing mortality or improvements in population status. Because the literature only covered a narrow set of biological factors, we also conducted an expert elicitation to create a typology of broader fishery characteristics, enabling conditions and design considerations that affect performance. The literature suggested that the most commonly used management tool in a region was often the most successful, although the scale of success varied. Management tools were more often deemed successful when used in combination, particularly pairings of tools that controlled fishing mortality or effort with spatial management. Examples of successful combinations were the use of catch limits with quotas and limited entry, and marine protected areas with effort restrictions. The most common factors associated with inadequate biological performance were 'structural' issues, including poor design or implementation. The expert-derived typologies revealed strong local leadership, high community involvement and governance
Sharing responsibilities in fisheries management; Part 2 - Annex: case studies
2005
3.2.2 Concepts within the Spanish legislative framework relevant to decentralisation 3.2.3 Discussion 3.2.4 Examples of decentralisation 3.3 General political and administrative structure of fisheries management 3.3.1 Areas of state authority 3.3.2 Areas of autonomous community authority 3.3.3 State administration 3.3.4 The autonomous communities' administration 3.3.5 Coordination and cooperation between the state and the autonomous communities 3.3.6 Coordination between autonomous communities 3.3.7 Phases in decision-taking and participation actors 3.4 Conclusion 3.5 The consortium for fisheries management and the marketing of the striped-venus clam in the Gulf of Cadiz 3.5.1 Justification 3.5.2 Definition 3.5.3 Background 3.5.4 Legal framework 3.5.5 Consortium objectives and duties 3.5.6 Internal structure 3.5.7 The consortium-authorities relationship 3.5.8 Appraisal 3.5.9 Swot Analysis 3.5.10 Geographical and statistical data 3.6 Barbate, participation processes in a fishing locality in crisis 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Delegation-decentralisation up to the breakdown of fisheries agreement with Morocco (1980-1999) 3.6.3 Delegation-decentralisation after the fisheries agreement with Morocco had come to an end (2001-2002) 3.6.4 Mobilisation by the authorities and organisations in the sector 3.6.5 Administrative processes associated with conversation 3.6.6 General appraisal. The decentralisation process: limits and opportunities 4. United Kingdom 4.1 Participation in the pelagic fishery 4.1.1 Justification 4.1.2 Brief description of pelagic sector in UK 4.1.3 Management of pelagic fisheries 4.1.4 Conclusion: Assessment of management of the UK pelagic fisheries Page 4.2 Devolution to the Shetland selfish management organisation 4.2.1 Justification 4.2.2 Brief discription of the Shetland context 4.2.3 Legal Context 4.2.4 The Shetland shellfish management organisation 4.2.5 The government view 4.2.6 Decisions taken by the SSMO 4.2.7 Evaluation of the SSMO 4.2.8 Discussion 5. Denmark 5.1 Devolution of responsibilities in Danish fisheries management 6.3 Mediterranenean Sea versus Celtic Sea, coastal small scale fisheries versus EEZ trawling fleet: two cases of decision-making process 6.4 Process of quotas setting: the groundfish Norwegian lobster otter trawler fleet in the Celtic Sea 6.5 Small-scale fleet (Les Petits Métiers) in Languedoc-Roussillon, Mediterranean Sea 6.5.1 The small-scale fisheries 6.5.2 Management of artificial reefs in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes 6.5.3 Clam licensing system in pond Thau 6.6 Conclusion 7. The Netherlands 7.1 General description of the Dutch fisheries 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 The process of institutionalisation 7.2 The Oakerson framework and co-management experiences in the Netherlands 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Physical and technical attributes 7.2.3 Decision-making arrangements 7.2.4 Patterns of interaction 7.2.5 Outcomes 7.2.6 Conclusion and the conditions for an effective and successful co-management system 7.2.7 Epilogue 7.3 The Dutch shrimp case and the Oakerson model 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Physical and technical attributes 7.3.3 Decision-making Arrangements 7.3.4 External arrangements 7.3.5 Patterns of interaction References
The Changing face of fisheries in the economics of OECS Member States
Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute , 2001
Fisheries continue to play an important and sometimes underrated part in the economies of OECS Member States, providing both full-time, part-time and seasonal employment, contributing significantly both to domestic food security and national GDP. Offshore resources and larger pelagics are felt to have the best potential for increased exploitation and present an identifiable path for technical and economic diversification. At national levels there are indications of fishers becoming both more professional and more committed. The sub-regional fisheries sector is now managing to attract private investment from persons who, with few traditional links with fishing, are bringing a new level of professionalism to it. There has, in recent years, been a significant investment in fisheries infrastructure in the OECS sub-region, contributing to a transformation process in some Member State fisheries. In some areas moves have been made to manage existing resources, but the existing technologies are inadequate to take up the challenge of resource management and the exploitation of new resources. Additionally, national policy statements and objectives for fisheries need to be further developed and clarified to assist the implementation of national fisheries strategies.
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