The Synonymy of the Toxic Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. rhathymum and the Description of P. steidingerae sp. nov. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Phycology, 2011
Wild and cultured specimens of Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenb.) F. Stein from 26 widely different areas in 13 countries were examined in order to determine consistent characters for delimiting species boundaries in this taxon. The morphological characters valve shape, valve size, valve ornamentation, number and shape of valve pores, number and shape of marginal pores, and periflagellar platelets were observed using LM and SEM, and two molecular genetic regions were sequenced. We identified stable morphological characters that were consistent among wild specimens and all cultures, which were valve shape, valve ornamentation, and number and arrangement of periflagellar platelets. All cultures of P. lima identified by these characters formed a monophyletic group in phylogenetic analyses based on the two genes, which, however, included the species Prorocentrum arenarium. P. arenarium was determined to be within the range of morphological variation of P. lima, and therefore we synonymize the ...
Frontiers in Marine Science
The marine dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg comprises many species occupying primarily benthic or epiphytic habitats, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical waters. Despite concerted efforts to establish phylogenetic associations, there remain unresolved issues in defining morphospecies and membership in species complexes. The study described herein addressed the inter- and infraspecific relationships of members of the Prorocentrum lima and Prorocentrum hoffmannianum species complexes (PLSC and PHSC, respectively) by applying multivariate approaches in morphotaxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and chemodiversity to establish affinities among multiple clonal isolates. Morphotaxonomic analysis showed consistency with classical morphospecies descriptors, and high variability in cell size and dimensions, but did not challenge current species complex concepts. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS/5.8S rDNA sequences from isolates from the Gulf of California, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf o...
Revista de Biología Tropical
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate widely distributed in warm waters that often co-occur with species of the genera Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum. We investigated a strain isolated from the coast of Ubatuba, Brazil (South-West Atlantic Ocean) by light and epifluorescence microscopies; we also report molecular data based on the LSU rDNA and ITS markers. Cells were 35-65 µm in the dorso-ventral diameter and 20-40 µm wide. We obtained the sequence of a ~1900 base pair region of the rRNA gene cistron. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the sequences under the names O. ovata and O. cf. ovata branched into three clades. The ITS marker showed greater resolving power and the sequences of O. ovata/O. cf. ovata split into five clades. Our ITS sequence branched in a clade with sequences of strains from the Mediterranean Sea, European Atlantic coasts, subtropical NE Atlantic, other sequences from Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, and a few sequences from Japan. The cell ...
Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a toxic epiphytic dinoflagellate widely distributed in warm waters that often co-occur with species of the genera Coolia, Fukuyoa, Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum. We investigated a strain isolated from the coast of Ubatuba, Brazil (Southwest Atlantic Ocean) by light and epifluorescence micros-copies; we also report molecular data based on the LSU rDNA and ITS markers. Cells were 35-65 µm in the dorso-ventral diameter and 20-40 µm wide. We obtained the sequence of a ~1 900 base pair region of the rRNA gene cistron. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the sequences under the names O. ovata and O. cf. ovata branched into three clades. The ITS marker showed greater resolving power and the sequences of O. ovata/O. cf. ovata split into five clades. Our ITS sequence branched in a clade with sequences of strains from the Mediterranean Sea, European Atlantic coasts, subtropical NE Atlantic, other sequences from Brazil at Rio de Janeiro, and a few sequences from Japan. The cell dimensions and thecal plate arrangement were under the variability range reported in other ocean regions. Our observations confirm O. cf. ovata as the most commonly recorded species of Ostreopsis in the SW Atlantic Ocean. Ostreopsis cf. ovata co-occurred with Coolia malayensis in Brazil and Asia, but it has been commonly reported from the Mediterranean Sea, where C. malayensis has not yet been recorded; while Coolia malayensis has been reported from the Caribbean Sea, but not O. ovata. With the current knowledge, it is difficult to understand the factors that determine the biogeography of the tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1022-1032. Epub 2017 September 01.
2007
This study was carried out to investigate the morphological relationship between Prorocentrum and Dinophysis, and to identify other characteristics (morphology and new gene-cytochrome b) to improve the classification of Prorocentrum. To achieve these objectives ultrastructural study (SEM and TEM) were carried out on D. acuminata and P. hoffmaniannum. Results showed that Dinophysis has 4 platelets surrounding the flagellar pore as has been suggested in study elsewhere. Prorocentrum hoffmaniannum has 8 platelets in the periflagellar area and SEM is not suitable to determine the number of platelets for Prorocentrum species. The relationship between these two genera based on platelets configuration cannot be resolved until more Dinophysis species have been studied. Prior to molecular analysis, the morphology characteristics of six Prorocentrum species were identified using light and SEM. The morphological characteristic of these Prorocentrum species agreed well with previous description...
Phycological Research, 2016
The dinoflagellate genus Coolia, which contains potentially toxic species, is an important component of epiphytic assemblages in marine ecosystems. The morphology of C. malayensis has been illustrated from strains isolated in Asia and Oceania. In this study, strains of C. malayensis isolated from the Caribbean Sea in Puerto Rico, and for the first time from the South Atlantic Ocean in Brazil, were investigated by light, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopies. No significant morphological differences between these new strains and other geographically distant strains of C. malayensis were observed. In the LSU rDNA phylogeny, the C. malayensis sequences from Brazil and Puerto Rico branched within the clade of strains from Oceania and Asia. The recently described species C. santacroce branched as a sister group of C. monotis, and C. palmyrensis was basal to the combined group of C. monotis/C. malayensis/C. santacroce. A tentative undescribed species from Florida and New Zealand branched as a sister group of C. malayensis. Our results confirm that C. malayensis showed a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical to subtropical waters, while the type species C. monotis remains endemic for the Mediterranean Sea and the temperate North Atlantic.
The dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific
Hydrobiologia, 2000
We surveyed the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg in Mexican Pacific waters, where it is rather common and sometimes causes red tides in coastal areas or shrimp farms. Material collected from Baja California and the Gulf of California was analyzed. Thirteen species were identified, all of them planktonic (although P. mexicanum is also epiphytic). All species are described by light microscopy, and most are also described by scanning electron microscopy; comments on morphology, taxonomy and distribution are made. Red tides were caused by P. dentatum, P. minimum and P. triestinum. Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. minimum were suspected of being toxic. Four species, previously reported in the Gulf of California, were not found. A total of 18 species, including the new records P. dactylum and P. lebourae have been to date reported from the Mexican Pacific.
Revista de Biología Tropical, 2010
Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta) of orders Dinophysiales and Prorocentrales of the Veracruz Reef System, Mexico. Dinoflagellates are a major taxonomic group in marine phytoplankton communities in terms of diversity and biomass. Some species are also important because they form blooms and/or produce toxins that may cause diverse problems. The composition of planktonic dinoflagellates of the orders Prorocentrales and Dinophysiales, in the Veracruz Reef System, were obtained during the period of October 2006 to January 2007. For this, samples were taken from the surface at 10 stations with net of 30µm mesh, and were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Each species was described and illustrated, measured and their distribution and ecological data is also given. A total of nine species were found and identified, belonging to four genera: Dinophysis was represented by three species; Prorocentrum by three, Phalacroma by two, and only one species of Ornithocercus was detected. From the samples, four potentially toxin-producer species were found: Dinophysis caudata, D. rapa, Phalacroma rotundata and Prorocentrum micans. The number of species found in this study is low, especially considering the higher numbers observed in other areas of the Gulf of Mexico, where some reports have recorded up to 53 species of the order Dinophysiales and 14 for Prorocentrales. Identification keys for orders, genera and species for the study area are provided with this study.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1998
We describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of an 805 base pair fragment of 24S rRNA from the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and the sequence of this fragment. We also describe a PCR-based assay for the specific detection of D. acuminata in seawater samples. Conserved primers, starting at positions 711 and 1489 of the 24S rRNA from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans, were used for the PCR. The PCR product was cloned and sequenced. The fragment was aligned with rRNA sequences from other protists. Two oligonucleotides in variable domains of the sequence from D. acuminata were chosen and a protocol was defined for PCR-based detection of D. acuminata (30 cycles, 50°C). Experiments conducted with seawater samples led to the detection of D. acuminata in naturally contaminated samples. The PCR enabled us to detect down to 30 cells/L seawater. The problem of interference from large concentrations of other phytoplankton species may be solved using nested PCR.