Changing face of crime (original) (raw)
Related papers
2002
The increased use of computers and communications technologies over the preceding decade has created considerable apprehension in the international community that they are being put to illegal use of various kinds. Fears of wide-scale electronic vandalism, copyright infringement, fraud, and other forms of electronic crime have been discussed in the public media and the academic and professional communities alike. It has also been argued that traditional legal responses to computer crime have been both ineffective and inappropriate to deal with such an international phenomenon. But are these views based on a distorted representation of the true position?
Crime as governance: towards a 21st century criminology (2004)
As we enter the twenty-first century we need a new understanding of crime adequate to the new conditions in which we live. If we are to avoid the continual marginalisation of criminology we must be aware that the development of our discipline was based on particular historical conditions which are fast changing beyond recognition. Traditionally, criminology, echoing criminal law, presupposed a view of crime as • An exceptional event rather than a normally expected occurrence • A form of pathology, originating from and overwhelmingly located in, the marginalised periphery of society • An episodic, and frequently brutal, disruption of otherwise normal socioeconomic processes. • An object, or target, of governance. Criminality is a phenomena to be regulated and reduced to manageable proportions by the resources at the disposal of the modern state and other social institutions. The role of criminology is to assist in this process of management and control.
'Government responses to organized crime in the United Kingdom since 1997: a review.'
Organized crime presents the UK with a number of problems. Initially, the social and economic harms caused by organized crime are far reaching and can range from individual suffering to national decline. However in addition to the threats from organized criminal activity, organized crime is certainly a difficult concept to define and detect. Consequently, both of these factors increase the difficulties of designing and measuring preventative strategies. More so, without the sufficient intelligence and understanding, the government and academics are helpless in regards to measuring the impact and effectiveness of control measures. Nevertheless, this dissertation embarks on the concept of organized crime by critically appraising relevant government and academic publications to review government responses to organized crime in the UK since 1997. Whilst appreciating the broad nature of organized crime, the government in the UK is pragmatic in prioritizing the response by targeting the most harmful threats. With a fundamental aim of reducing the harms caused by organized crime, the law enforcement response has experienced a shift in emphasis towards a unified intelligence-led preventative approach. This desire to approach organized crime with constant risk analysis and continuing intervention through a variety of policing interventions has also been emphasized in the implementation of risk-based civil orders and substantive asset recovery legislation. Although, despite the increased efficiency of the government's enforcement and intelligence role achieved through the amalgamation of the NCIS and NCS, it remains to be seen whether the remaining inter-agency collaborations will undermine SOCA's unified strategy against organized crime. Also, whilst appreciating the concerns in respect of the European Convention on Human Rights, a level of operational confidence must be reached by the agencies and the courts to fully utilize the new civil proceedings. This includes the imposition of Serious Crime Prevention Orders prior to a conviction as well as the new civil procedure for asset recovery. Crucially, despite the robust implementation of law enforcement agency reforms and substantive legislation, the new intelligence-led preventative approach requires a level of performance management beyond the methods used for conventional policing. Whether this is possible remains to be seen, but the current inability to quantify preventative measures leaves the approach wide open to scrutiny.
The Future of Crime and Crime Control
2018
Following a brief conceptualization of security and public order, we provide an overview of the factors that affect trends of criminality and law enforcement. These include an explanatory background for public order, the transformation of the concept of security (and the shifting boundaries of the rule of law), changes in the operational principles of policing, as well as trust in the police. Then we turn to the assessment of future trends to discuss demographic changes, macroeconomic factors, the technological revolution, globalization and political populism. We shall focus on models of criminal politics and the criminal justice system; this will be followed by the analysis of trends in criminality focusing on cost-benefit models, the demographic prognosis of young males, migration, unemployment, and trends in incarceration, and violent crimes and crimes against property. A subsequent assessment concentrates on future victims and perpetrators, the effects and consequences of crime, as well as challenges for the law enforcement machinery. In this section technological development, private security, the alienation of law enforcement, career prospects for a new generation of officers, as well as community and local policing, institutional discrimination and Roma-focused law enforcement strategies are discussed. The last section of the paper focuses on lacuna in research and regulation in the field of law enforcement.
Trends and issues in crime and justice in Australia
1996
A speech presented at the seminar "Crime and justice in regional Australia", held at James Cook University, Townsville, 12 September 1996 by Adam Graycar, Director, Australian Institute of Criminology. Made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/We know that the interpretation of crime statistics is much more difficult than the interpretation of most other statistics. Trends are not always easy to discern, even though they may seem obvious. People experience crime and report it in different ways; authorities may choose to follow up or not; counting rules vary across time and place; legislation changes, and so too do definitions; law enforcement priorities and resources change thus affecting activities and outcomes. We know that public opinion polls show violence and crime to be one of the major concerns of Australians, but violent crime accounts for only three per cent of all major crime in Australia
Designing out crime in Western Australia: a case study
Property Management, 2008
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to present developments in designing out crime policy in Western Australia (WA) as a case study example, discussing the innovative designing out crime strategy, a systematic attempt at embedding such ideas within government policy. Design/methodology/approach -This paper reports on the systems approach adopted by the WA Government, which draws together three key themes of designing out crime, namely: the design of the built environment, the ongoing management of the built environment and the use of product design to reduce opportunities for crime. The systems perspective is underpinned by an evidence-based approach across these three areas. Findings -Many existing international approaches to designing out crime are arguably limited, piecemeal and largely uncoordinated. This strategy represents a comprehensive and holistic policy commitment to designing out crime.