Effect of aerobic training on the plasma ACTH response to exercise (original) (raw)
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Trained versus untrained men: different immediate post-exercise responses of pituitary adrenal axis
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1997
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved throughout the exercise-recovery cycle. Nevertheless, differences in hormone responses during early recovery between sedentary and endurance trained subjects are not well known. The aim of this preliminary study was to monitor plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations both during and after the end of running exercise performed by four endurance trained adults (marathon men) compared to four sedentary subjects. Two parameters, i.e. intensity and duration, were changed on 4 consecutive days. The 1 st day (D 0) was spent in the laboratory: all blood samples were obtained at rest to determine diurnal variations of each hormone. On the following days (D 1-D 4) the subjects exercised: D1 and D2 brief (20 min), light (50% maximal heart rate HR max , D 1) or strenuous (80% HR max , D 2), D 3 and D 4 prolonged (120 min), light (D 3) or strenuous (D 4). In both groups, neither brief (D 1 , D 2) nor prolonged light exercise (D 3) induced any significant variation in plasma ACTH or cortisol concentrations. Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased only if the exercise was intense and prolonged (D 4). The training factor did not modify the intensity or duration thresholds for the activation of the pituitaryadrenocortical response to exercise in the conditions of our experiment. However, during immediate recovery from the four exercise regimens, the plasma ACTH concentrations of the marathon men were constantly above the values of the sedentary subjects, although plasma cortisol concentration remained similar in both groups. As an indirect means of evaluating the relationships between ACTH and cortisol we compared the areas under the cortisol and ACTH curves (AUC) from 0.5 to 3.5h during recovery from D 1 to D 4 compared to D 0 at the same time. Cortisol AUC were similar in the sedentary subjects and marathon men although the ACTH AUC were different in the sedentary subjects and marathon men, suggesting a change in the pituitaryadrenal relationship at some yet indeterminate level. During the immediate recovery from exercise whatever its intensity, the magnitude of the ACTH response was increased in the trained subjects but with a reduced effect upon its target, the adrenal glands. This phenomenon has not been described in the literature. Two non-exclusive phenomena may be involved, i.e. a decreased adrenal sensitivity to ACTH stimulation, and/or a decreased hypothalamo-pituitary axis sensitivity to cortisol negative feedback.
Prolonged exercise increases peripheral plasma ACTH, CRH, and AVP in male athletes
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998
Prolonged exercise increases peripheral plasma ACTH, CRH, and AVP in male athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(3): [835][836][837][838][839][841] 1998.-We wished to determine whether the increased ACTH during prolonged exercise was associated with changes in peripheral corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) and/or arginine vasopressin (AVP). Six male triathletes were studied during exercise: 1 h at 70% maximal oxygen consumption, followed by progressively increasing work rates until exhaustion. Data obtained during the exercise session were compared with a nonexercise control session. Venous blood was sampled over a 2-h period for cortisol, ACTH, CRH, AVP, renin, glucose, and plasma osmolality. There were significant increases by ANOVA on logtransformed data in plasma cortisol (P ϭ 0.002), ACTH (P Ͻ 0.001), CRH (P Ͻ 0.001), and AVP (P Ͻ 0.03) during exercise compared with the control day. A variable increase in AVP was observed after the period of high-intensity exercise. Plasma osmolality rose with exercise (P Ͻ 0.001) and was related to plasma AVP during submaximal exercise (P Ͻ 0.03) but not with the inclusion of data that followed the high-intensity exercise. This indicated an additional stimulus to the secretion of AVP. The mechanism by which ACTH secretion occurs during exercise involves both CRH and AVP. We hypothesize that high-intensity exercise favors AVP release and that prolonged duration favors CRH release. cortisol; osmolality; glucose; renin; adrenocorticotropic hormone; corticotropin-releasing hormone; arginine vasopressin Address for reprint requests: W. J. Inder,
ACTH AND CORTISOL RESPONSE TO SUB MAXIMAL AEROBIC EXERCISE IN
Aims and Objectives: aerobic exercise upon adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in chronic smokers and non smoker. Materials and Methods: untrained male along five years and 9 never smoker untrained male. Subjects performed an endurance exercise that continues 40 m extracted from the forearm pre post-exercise 24 hours (24h) to measure of ACTH and cortisol levels. Results: significant increase according to PRE levels (p<0,05). 2h cortisol levels of smokers and non were significantly lower than PRE levels (p<0,05). In comparison between (PRE, POST, 2h and 24h) indicated that differences in ACTH and cortisol levels of non were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: ACTH showed si hypothalamic investigate this relationship with different types of exercises in differe subsequent studies. Copyright©2017, Ozan Sever et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Att distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Journal of Applied Physiology
Exercise-dependent growth hormone release is linked to markers of heightened central adrenergic outflow. J Appl Physiol 89: [629][630][631][632][633][634][635] 2000.-To test the hypothesis that heightened sympathetic outflow precedes and predicts the magnitude of the growth hormone (GH) response to acute exercise (Ex), we studied 10 men [age 26.1 Ϯ 1.7 (SE) yr] six times in randomly assigned order (control and 5 Ex intensities). During exercise, subjects exercised for 30 min (0900-0930) on each occasion at a single intensity: 25 and 75% of the difference between lactate threshold (LT) and rest (0.25LT, 0.75LT), at LT, and at 25 and 75% of the difference between LT and peak (1.25LT, 1.75LT). Mean values for peak plasma epinephrine (Epi), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and serum GH concentrations were determined [Epi: 328 Ϯ 93 (SE), 513 Ϯ 76, 584 Ϯ 109, 660 Ϯ 72, and 2,614 Ϯ 579 pmol/l; NE: 2.3 Ϯ 0.2, 3.9 Ϯ 0.4, 6.9 Ϯ 1.0, 10.7 Ϯ 1.6, and 23.9 Ϯ 3.9 nmol/l; GH: 3.6 Ϯ 1.5, 6.6 Ϯ 2.0, 7.0 Ϯ 2.0, 10.7 Ϯ 2.4, and 13.7 Ϯ 2.2 g/l for 0.25, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.75LT, respectively]. In all instances, the time of peak plasma Epi and NE preceded peak GH release. Plasma concentrations of Epi and NE always peaked at 20 min after the onset of Ex, whereas times to peak for GH were 54 Ϯ 6 (SE), 44 Ϯ 5, 38 Ϯ 4, 38 Ϯ 4, and 37 Ϯ 2 min after the onset of Ex for 0.25-1.75LT, respectively. ANOVA revealed that intensity of exercise did not affect the foregoing time delay between peak NE or Epi and peak GH (range 17-24 min), with the exception of 0.25LT (P Ͻ 0.05). Within-subject linear regression analysis disclosed that, with increasing exercise intensity, change in (⌬) GH was proportionate to both ⌬NE (P ϭ 0.002) and ⌬Epi (P ϭ 0.014). Furthermore, within-subject multiple-regression analysis indicated that the significant GH increment associated with an antecedent rise in NE (P ϭ 0.02) could not be explained by changes in Epi alone (P ϭ 0.77). Our results suggest that exercise intensity and GH release in the human may be coupled mechanistically by central adrenergic activation. catecholamines; epinephrine; norepinephrine ALTHOUGH AN ACUTE BOUT OF exercise of appropriate intensity will evoke a large increase in serum GH con-Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: A. Weltman, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Memorial Gymnasium, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 (E-mail: alw2v@ virginia.edu).
Pituitary–adrenal responses to arm versus leg exercise in untrained man
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006
The purpose of this study was to examine pituitary–adrenal (PA) hormone responses [beta-endorphin (β-END), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol] to arm exercise (AE) and leg exercise (LE) at 60 and 80% of the muscle-group specific VO2 peak. Eight healthy untrained men (AE VO2 peak=32.4±3.0 ml kg−1 min−1, LE VO2 peak=46.9±5.3 ml kg−1 min−1) performed two sub-maximal AE and LE tests in random order. Plasma β-END, ACTH and cortisol were not different (P>0.05) between AE and LE at either exercise intensity; the 60% testing elicited no changes from pre-exercise (PRE) values. For 80% testing, plasma β-END, ACTH and cortisol were consistently, but not significantly, greater during LE than AE. In general, plasma β-END and ACTH were higher (PPACTH was higher (PACTH and cortisol responses were similar for AE and LE at the two relative exercise intensities, with the intensity threshold occurring somewhere between 60 and 80% of VO2 peak. It appears that the smaller muscle mass associated with AE was sufficient to stimulate these PA axis hormones in a manner similar to LE, despite the higher metabolic stress (i.e., plasma La-) associated with LE.
Beta-endorphin and ACTH levels in peripheral blood during and after aerobic and anaerobic exercise
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1986
Beta-endorphin (D-End) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were determined in the peripheral blood of 14 human volunteers exercising on a bicycle ergometer. After 1 h of submaximal work below anaerobic threshold (AT), defined as the 4 mmol. 1-1 lactic acid level in arteriolar blood (Kindermann 1979; Mader 1980), 13-End and ACTH levels did not change from control conditions. Eleven of the same 14 subjects performed an uninterrupted graded exercise test on the same bicycle ergometer until exhaustion. This time [~-End and ACTH levels increased concomitantly with exercise of high intensity: at each moment, during and after this maximal test, a highly significant correlation (P<0.0001) was noted between the levels of 13-End and ACTH. The peak values of these hormones were reached within 10 min after stopping maximal exercise, and coincided with lactic acid peak levels. A rise in lactic acid levels above the anaerobic threshold always preceded the exerciseinduced rise in [~-End and ACTH. Within the population tested, two subgroups could be distinguished: one comprising individuals whose hormonal response nearly coincided with the rise in lactic acid (rapid responders) and a second group composed of subjects whose normal response appeared delayed with respect to the lactic acid rise (slow responders). These results support the view that 13-End and ACTH are secreted in equimolar quantities into the blood circulation in response to exercise, and suggest that metabolic changes of anaerobiosis play a key role in the regulation of stress-hormone release. In view of the variable time of onset of hormonal response, it seems likely that complex regulatory mechanisms are operative.
Plasma catecholamine responses to four resistance exercise tests in men and women
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1999
The plasma adrenaline ([A]) and noradrenaline ([NA]) concentration responses of nine men and eight women were investigated in four resistance exercise tests (E80, E60, E40 and E20), in which the subjects had to perform a maximal number of bilateral knee extension-¯exion movements at a given cycle pace of 0.5 Hz, but at dierent load levels (80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of 1 repetition maximum, respectively). The four test sessions were separated by a minimal interval of 3 rest days. The number of repetitions (Rep max ), the total work (W tot ) done normalized for the lean body mass and the heart rate (HR) responses were similar in the two groups in each test. In addition, no dierences were found between the two groups in [A] and [NA] either before or after the exercise tests. The postexercise [NA], both in the men [10.8 (SD 7.0) nmol á l A1 ] and in the women [11.7 (SD 7.4) nmol á l A1 ], was clearly the highest in E20, where also the Rep max , W tot , the total amount of integrated electromyograph activity in the agonist muscles and the peak postexercise blood lactate concentration [men 8.3 (SD 1.6) vs women 7.3 (SD 0.9) mmol á l A1 , ns] were signi®cantly higher than in the other tests. Although the postexercise [A] in E20 both in the men [7.1 (SD 6.0) nmol á l A1 ] and in the women [5.2 (SD 2.0) nmol á l A1 ] were higher than in E80 [men 3.1 (SD 4.2), women 2.1 (SD 2.0) nmol á l A1 ] (P < 0.05), they were not signi®cantly dierent from E60 [men 3.6 (SD 1.9), women 4.0 (SD 3.3) nmol á l A1 ] and E40 [men 3.8 (SD 4.1), women 5.8 (SD 4.0) nmol á l A1 ] in either group. The present study did not indicate any sex dierences in performance and in plasma catecholamine responses in dierent exhausting resistance exercise tests performed with the knee extensor muscles. In both groups the plasma [NA] response was clearly the largest in the longest exercise with the greatest amount of muscle activity and work done, and with the largest blood lactate response. The dierences in the plasma [A] responses between the exercises tended to be somewhat smaller.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1998
The plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentration responses of seven young male athletes [15 (SD 1) years] and seven adult male athletes [25 (SD 6) years] were investigated together with the serum testosterone (Tes) concentration responses in four dierent half-squatting exercises. The loads, number of repetitions, exercise intensity and recovery between the sets were manipulated such that dierent types of metabolic demand could be expected. However, the amount of work done was kept equal in each kind of exercise. After the most exhausting unit of exercise (E3; two sets of 30 repetitions with 50% of 1 repetition maximum and with 2-min recovery between the sets) the plasma NA concentration was signi®cantly lower in the younger than in the adult subjects [15.7 (SD 7.8) vs 32.7 (SD 13.2) nmol á l A1 , P < 0.05], while the A concentrations were similar. In the other three exercises no dierences in the plasma catecholamine concentration responses among the groups were observed. The postexercise Tes concentrations, however, were signi®cantly lower in the younger than in the adult subjects in every exercise unit. No correlations between the plasma catecholamine and serum Tes concentration responses were observed in any of the exercise units in either group. The results of the present study may suggest reduced sympathetic nervous activity in the younger subjects compared to the adults in response to exhausting resistance exercise. The results may also suggest that the catecholamines were less involved in eliciting an increase in Tes secretion in these resistance exercises.
The influence of fitness on neuroendocrine responses to exhaustive treadmill exercise
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 1990
Neuroendocrine and sympathoadrenal responses to exhaustive graded treadmill exercise were examined in 17 male subjects of varying degrees of fitness. The mean duration of exercise to exhaustion was 15.2+0.7 (_SE) min. Exercise duration was inversely correlated with baseline heart rate (P<0.05). Compared to standing baseline values, mean plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels increased 339% and 301%, respectively, in an integrated 2-min blood sample collected immediately after completion of exercise. Mean adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), flendorphin (fl-EP), fl-lipotropin (fl-LPH), and prolactin levels increased 282%, 720%, 372%, and 211%, respectively, in an integrated 4-min blood sample beginning 2 min after completion of exercise. Cortisol levels increased 183% in the sample collected 17-21 min after exercise. The magnitude of these neuroendocrine responses to exercise was similar among individuals at the same relative intensity of exhaustive exercise, regardless of the duration of exercise. The exercise-induced increases of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)derived peptides, ACTH, fl-EP, and fl-LPH, were highly correlated with each other (P values <0.001), and were correlated with prolactin increases, (P values < 0.05). During a 20-min recovery period after exercise, changes in heart rate, ACTH, and fl-LPH levels were correlated with duration of exercise, (P< 0.01, P< 0.03, and P< 0.03, respectively). Assuming that the duration of exercise reflects fitness, these data suggest that the * The views of the author(s) do not purport to reflect the position of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense, (para 4-3, AR 360-5). Human subjects participated in these studies after giving their free and informed consent. Investigators adhered to AR 70-25 Offprint requests to: M. A. Oleshansky pattern of POMC-derived peptide responses during recovery from exhaustive exercise is dependent on fitness.