Managing Phosphorus In Terrestrial Ecosystem: A Review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Soil phosphorus dynamics on terrestrial natural ecosystems
Biogeosciences Discussions
Soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) compounds can be modified by distinctive ecosystems properties. This study aims to analyze soil P dynamics on terrestrial natural ecosystems, relating its organic (monoesters, diesters, and phosphonate) and inorganic (orthophosphate, polyphosphate and pyrophosphate) functional groups with important temporal, edaphic and climatic characteristics. A dataset including 88 sites was assembled from published papers that have determined soil P composition by liquid state one-dimensional…
Ecologically relevant phosphorus pools in soils and their dynamics: The story so far
Geoderma, 2018
There has been much soil phosphorus (P) research in the last decades, but few basic publications exist summarizing the current state of knowledge on ecologically relevant P forms and their reactions in soils. The present paper aims at giving such a literature overview. The major P forms occurring in soils are presented. Organic P results from biogenic processes when organisms take up P from the soil. After their death, this P is returned into the soil and has to be mineralized before the next uptake. Mineralization intensity depends on the concentration of dissolved inorganic P in the soil solution. Only this soil P fraction can be taken up by plants and microorganisms and enter the food chain. Thus, it is critical for ecosystem nutrition. Dissolved P is highly affine for binding to the soil matrix and strives for equilibrium with bonded P forms. On the one hand, there is sorbed P, regularly forming quickly and being easily exchanged back into the soil solution. Sorbed P strongly depends on which and how many sorption sites a soil offers. Some of these sites are not easily accessible. Thus, P needs time to be sorbed there and is slightly soluble afterwards. This fraction is termed "occluded P". It is considered fixed and not bioavailable for long times. On the other hand, there is mineral P, resulting from the precipitation of P anions and metal cations when the soil solution is oversaturated with these ions. The stability of mineral P depends on its degree of order, amorphous phases being less stable than highly crystalline minerals. Organic, sorbed and mineral P are tightly interconnected with dissolved P and strive for equilibrium with it. Due to changes in temperature, precipitation and vegetation/edaphic patterns such equilibrium is hardly attained and soil P reactions must dynamically adjust to present conditions.
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture
Soil organic matter (SOM) has a critical role in regulating soil phosphorus (P) dynamics and producing phytoavailable P. However, soil P dynamics are often explained mainly by the effects of soil pH, clay contents, and elemental compositions, such as calcium, iron, and aluminum. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of how SOM influences phytoavailable P in soils is required for establishing effective agricultural management for soil health and enhancement of soil fertility, especially P-use efficiency. In this review, the following abiotic and biotic mechanisms are discussed; (1) competitive sorption between SOM with P for positively charged adsorption sites of clays and metal oxides (abiotic reaction), (2) competitive complexations between SOM with P for cations (abiotic reaction), (3) competitive complexations between incorporation of P by binary complexations of SOM and bridging cations with the formation of stable P minerals (abiotic reaction), (4) enhanced activi...
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1993
The effects of conventional and biological farming systems on soil P dynamics were studied by measuring some microbiological parameters after 13 years of different cropping systems. The treatments included control, biodynamic, bio-organic, and conventional plots and a mineral fertilizer treatment. The farming systems differed mainly in the form and quantity of nutrients applied and in the plant protection strategies. The results of a sequential fractionation procedure showed that irrespective of the form of P applied, neither 0.5M NaHCO~-nor 0.1 M NaOH-extractable organic P, but only the inorganic fractions, were affected. The residual organic P, not extracted by NaHCO3 or NaOH was increased in the biodynamic and bio-organic plots. The soil microbial biomass (ATP content) and the activity of acid phosphatase were also higher in both biologically managed systems. These results were attributed to the higher quantity of organic C and organic P applied in these systems, but also to the absence of or severe reduction in chemical plant protection. The relationship between acid soil phosphatase and residual organic P was interpreted as an indication that this fraction might be involved in short-term transformations. The measurement of the intensity, quantity, and capacity factors of available soil P using the 32p isotopic exchange kinetic method showed that P could not be the factor limiting crop yield in the biological farming systems. The kinetic parameters describing the ability of P ions to leave the soil solid phase, deduced from isotopic exchange, were significantly higher for the biodynamic treatment than for all other treatments. This result, showing a modification of chemical bonds between P ions and the soil matrix, was explained by the higher Ca and organic matter contents in this system.
Geoderma, 2019
Data on the dynamics and fate of phosphorus (P) under low soil-test P (STP) conditions is essential for the development of cropping strategies with a high P use efficiency. This study examined the effects of long-term (20 years) mineral and organic fertiliser P applications on a P-depleted sandy loam soil in Denmark. The cycling of P was examined by use of P budgets (inputs-offtake), chemical P extractions, 33 P isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK), and solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on NaOH-EDTA extracts. Recovery of applied P in the topsoil was smaller for animal slurry P compared with mineral fertiliser P. The budgets suggest deeper soil layers play an important role for the cycling of P. Resin-extractable P (2 to 17 mg kg −1), Olsen-P (7 to 16 mg kg −1) and E 1min (1 to 6 mg kg −1) were correlated with the P budgets. Between 63 and 77% of total inorganic P was not exchangeable in a period of three months (E > 3months), with the lowest value observed in no-P treatment N 1 K 1. The data show that a redistribution of exchangeable P had taken place under the influence of a strongly negative P budget. Microbial P (6 to 18 mg kg −1) increased under animal slurry inputs compared with mineral fertiliser applications (p < 0.05). All soils were dominated by phosphomonoesters and orthophosphate (98 to 99% of the NMR signal). Concentrations of orthophosphate (86 to 135 mg kg −1) varied significantly between treatments (p < 0.01), whereas forms of organic P remained largely unchanged. The results demonstrate that P applications increased the amount of P that is potentially available for plants, irrespective of input form. Nevertheless, most P applied in excess of crop uptake resulted in an increase of the amount of P that is slowly exchangeable. Under low soil test P conditions such as in the current trial, fertiliser P applied in excess of plant demand that accumulates in soil would thus only be partially available for crops in subsequent years. On the other hand the data suggests that soil P reserves may be utilised for crop growth, but at the low soil P intensity plant access to P will have to be managed carefully.
The influence of long-term fertilisation on phosphorus dynamics in the soil
Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 2021
A long-term experiment on agricultural plant fertilisation was carried out on a sandy loam Epicalcari-Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Luvisol in Central Lithuania from 1971 to 2019. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of long-term use of mineral phosphorus (P) fertilisers and their interaction with nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisers on P fertiliser uptake, mobile phosphorus (P 2 O 5) concentration and P balance in the soil, and to evaluate its relationship with P leaching from sandy loam soils. According to the data of the study, after 49 years different combinations of NPK fertilisers in the fertilised fields resulted in the variations of mobile P 2 O 5 in the 0-20 cm soil layer: 62-71 mg kg-1 without P 0 , 280-351 mg kg-1 with annual P 95 fertilisation and 503-614 mg kg-1 with P 190 , or 10 times higher compared to zero P application. Due to fertilisation with P, the total phosphorus (P tot) concentration in the soil increased. The P balance showed that after 49 years of annual applications of P 95 to agricultural crops, 45.4-68.7 kg ha-1 was incorporated, and when P 190 was applied, 131.0-160.3 kg ha-1 was incorporated in excess of the need for this element by plants. The most inefficient uptake 5.4-11.4% P was observed after annual application of P 190 without the use of N and K fertilisers. The uptake increased to 27.3-32.6% when N 216 K 190 fertiliser was applied together with P 95. With increasing rates of P fertilisers, P 2 O 5 leaching from the soil 0-40 cm layer increased. Without P application, its annual leaching was as follows: in 1976-1998-0.43-0.77 kg ha-1 , in 1976-2019-0.82-0.90 kg ha-1. This study was able to establish significant relationships between P fertiliser uptake and NPK fertiliser rates, between mobile P 2 O 5 concentration in the soil and P balance, and between P tot concentration in the soil and P balance.
Oecologia, 2011
Fertilisation of agricultural land causes an accumulation of nutrients in the top soil layer, among which phosphorus (P) is particularly persistent. Changing land use from farmland to forest affects soil properties, but changes in P pools have rarely been studied despite their importance to forest ecosystem development. Here, we describe the redistributions of the P pools in a four-decadal chronosequence of post-agricultural common oak (Quercus robur L.) forests in Belgium and Denmark. The aim was to assess whether forest age causes a repartitioning of P throughout the various soil P pools (labile P, slowly cycling P and occluded P); in particular, we addressed the timerelated alterations in the inorganic versus organic P fractions. In less than 40 years of oak forest development, significant redistributions have occurred between different P fractions. While both the labile and the slowly cycling inorganic P fractions significantly decreased with forest age, the organic fractions significantly increased. The labile P pool (inorganic ? organic), which is considered to be the pool of P most likely to contribute to plant-available P, significantly decreased with forest age (from [20 to \10% of total P), except in the 0-5 cm of topsoil, where labile P remained persistently high. The shift from inorganic to organic P and the shifts between the different inorganic P fractions are driven by biological processes and also by physicochemical changes related to forest development. It is concluded that the organic labile P fraction, which is readily mineralisable, should be taken into account when studying the bioavailable P pool in forest ecosystems.