Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants1 (original) (raw)
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Morbidity in breast-fed and artificially fed infants. II
Journal of Pediatrics, 1979
The advantages of breast-feeding in reducing morbidity was previously shown in a group of rural infants. Those observations are extended and refined. The protection afforded by breast-feeding is greatest during the early months, increases with the duration of breast-feeding, and appears to be more striking for serious illness, It operates independently of the effect of associated factors such as socioedueational status, fami O, size, day-care exposure, and birth weight. Allan S. Cunningham, M.D., Coot)erstown, N. Y.
Breast feeding and infant mortality
Early Human Development, 1997
The evidence linking bottle feeding to infant and early childhood mortality has been reviewed. Ecological studies of national time trends in infant mortality do not parallel breast feeding trends in those countries, and indicate that falling death rates are more likely to be related to better health care facilities and social conditions. Direct studies of deaths provide some contradictory findings; meta-analyses are not informative because of the many differences in statistical and sample methodology. The methodology exhibited in most studies is more likely to have over-rather than under-estimated a relationship between bottle feeding and infant mortality. Retrospective analyses must take account of changes in feeding pattern due to early signs of illness. Prospective population studies able to account for large numbers of potential confounders provide the best estimates, especially if proportional hazards models are used. Two such studies have been carried out-both showed protective effects of breast feeding. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Breast feeding practices: Effect on infant morbidity
2019
WHO recommends mothers worldwide to exclusively breastfeed infants for the child's first six months to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Breast milk comes equipped with antibodies that a woman generates and passes on to her infant. Babies have immature immune systems, less stomach acid to destroy foreign substances and unsanitary eating habits, so these antibodies improve their chances of survival. If every child was breastfed within an hour of birth, given only breast milk for their first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years, about 800,000 child lives would be saved every year. In view of this, a differential design on “Breast Feeding Practices: Effect on Infant Morbidity” was conducted in the year 2015-16 with the objective to assess the effect of breast feeding practices on infant morbidity. The population of the study consisted of 900 mother –infant dyads, where the infants were in the age group of 3months to 24 months and ...
BREAST FEEDING PRACTICES AND HEALTH OF INFANTS
In India nearly 60 infants per thousand live-births do not live long enough to see their first birthday and almost another six die before they reach their fifth birth day. The major causes of deaths of these children are malnutrition and infections. The children under five are prone to infections due to lack of awareness about feeding practices especially breastfeeding. It is well known that breastfeeding practices can have a substantial effect on infant health and mortality in developing countries. There are at least three known mechanisms by which breastfeeding contributes to infant health and survival. First, breast milk is ideally suited to the baby's metabolic structure and contains the optimal combination of nutrients. Second, breastfeeding allows the mother to pass on immunities that she herself has acquired to the baby. Education is a statistically significant variable that explains the nutritional status of the infants. It has been found to have a strong association with breast-feeding and feeding of colostrums. Educated mothers start supplementary feeding to the children at the appropriate age reduces the chances of malnutrition among children.
Breastfeeding Practices, Demographic Variables, and Their Association with Morbidities in Children
2020
Appropriate feeding practices are the key contributor to reducing morbidities and mortalities in under-five children. A crosssectional questionnaire based survey of mothers of children aged less than 5years was conducted in 781 mothers. More than half of mothers (57.5%) started feeding within an hour of birth, 55.9% gave exclusive breastfeeding for six months, 89.1% of the mothers stopped breastfeeding before two years of age, 18.2% of the mothers bottle-fed the babies, and 15.6% had problems during breastfeeding in first 6 months. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth promoted exclusive breastfeeding, and breastfeeding for longer duration. Exclusive breastfeeding increased frequency of feeds. Multivariable logistic regression showed that initiation of breastfeeding after an hour of birth (p = 0.035), not providing exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (p < 0.0001), unemployed mothers (p = 0.035), having two or more kids (p = 0.001), and complementary feeds gi...
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005
Objective To determine the association of different feeding patterns for infants (exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding) with mortality and hospital admissions during the first half of infancy. Methods This paper is based on a secondary analysis of data from a multicentre randomized controlled trial on immunization-linked vitamin A supplementation. Altogether, 9424 infants and their mothers (2919 in Ghana, 4000 in India and 2505 in Peru) were enrolled when infants were 18-42 days old in two urban slums in New Delhi, India, a periurban shanty town in Lima, Peru, and 37 villages in the Kintampo district of Ghana. Mother-infant pairs were visited at home every 4 weeks from the time the infant received the first dose of oral polio vaccine and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus at the age of 6 weeks in Ghana and India and at the age of 10 weeks in Peru. At each visit, mothers were queried about what they had offered their infant to eat or drink during the past week. Information was also collected on hospital admissions and deaths occurring between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 months. The main outcome measures were all-cause mortality, diarrhoea-specific mortality, mortality caused by acute lower respiratory infections, and hospital admissions. Findings There was no significant difference in the risk of death between children who were exclusively breastfed and those who were predominantly breastfed (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-2.86). Non-breastfed infants had a higher risk of dying when compared with those who had been predominantly breastfed (HR = 10.5; 95% CI = 5.0-22.0; P < 0.001) as did partially breastfed infants (HR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.44-4.18; P = 0.001). Conclusion There are two major implications of these findings. First, the extremely high risks of infant mortality associated with not being breastfed need to be taken into account when informing HIV-infected mothers about options for feeding their infants. Second, our finding that the risks of death are similar for infants who are predominantly breastfed and those who are exclusively breastfed suggests that in settings where rates of predominant breastfeeding are already high, promotion efforts should focus on sustaining these high rates rather than on attempting to achieve a shift from predominant breastfeeding to exclusive breastfeeding.
Breast Milk the Life Saver: Observations from Recent Studies
Food and Nutrition Bulletin
Breast milk is universally accepted as the best food for infants, and its desirable properties have been extensively described [1]. This paper reviews the results of recent studies that improve our understanding of the role of breast-feeding in child health and survival and concludes that, despite much recent attention, breastfeeding is still much undervalued. Four important questions are considered: • Do exclusively breast-fed children grow better than breast-fed infants who receive supplements? • To what extent does breast-feeding reduce infections? • When does prolonged breast-feeding result in malnutrition? • Does prolonged breast-feeding improve survival?