Bioactive Polymeric Materials for the Advancement of Regenerative Medicine (original) (raw)
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Despite the many advances in tissue engineering approaches, scientists still face significant challenges in trying to repair and replace soft tissues. Nature-inspired routes involving the creation of polymer-based systems of natural origins constitute an interesting alternative route to produce novel materials. The interest in these materials comes from the possibility of constructing multi-component systems that can be manipulated by composition allowing one to mimic the tissue environment required for the cellular regeneration of soft tissues. For this purpose, factors such as the design, choice, and compatibility of the polymers are considered to be key factors for successful strategies in soft tissue regeneration. More recently, polysaccharide-protein based systems have being increasingly studied and proposed for the treatment of soft tissues. The characteristics, properties, and compatibility of the resulting materials investigated in the last 10 years, as well as commercially available matrices or those currently under investigation are the subject matter of this review.
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This paper focused on the short review of biopolymer based composite for tissue regeneration. Biopolymers have been slowly introduced into medical applications as a result of their ability to be bio-degradable and to be easily made. By selecting the appropriate biopolymer containing the selected additives to facilitate the polymer-filler interaction, composites with the desired properties can be obtained. Interfacial interactions between biopolymers, and thus Nano-fillers, significantly control the mechanical properties of biopolymer composites and these biopolymer composites such as bone, cartilage, vascular implants, and others.
Biodegradable Polymers in Biomedical Applications: A Focus on Skin and Bone Regeneration
Natural biodegradable polymers have attracted a lot of attention over the past decade because of their outstanding physical, chemical, mechanical, and physiological properties. Consequently, they are widely employed in many biomedical applications including wound healing, skin regeneration, and bone regeneration as bioscaffolds that mimic the complex 3D environment of cells in vivo. Thus, these natural polymer-based bioscaffolds enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, to replace the dead or damaged parts of the body without inducing inflammation or immune response. In addition, according to their biodegradability, they are promising candidates for short-term implants. This book chapter covers the features of many natural biodegradable polymers and the standards that should be considered upon designing 3D-based bioscaffolds for biomedical applications. Then, various synthetic routes of these polymers with their properties are also summarized, Finally, four common applications (wound healing, skin regeneration, bone regeneration, and implants) are disused in the light of future trends.
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The polymeric composite material with desirable features can be gained by selecting suitable biopolymers with selected additives to get polymer-filler interaction. Several parameters can be modified according to the design requirements, such as chemical structure, degradation kinetics, and biopolymer composites’ mechanical properties. The interfacial interactions between the biopolymer and the nanofiller have substantial control over biopolymer composites’ mechanical characteristics. This review focuses on different applications of biopolymeric composites in controlled drug release, tissue engineering, and wound healing with considerable properties. The biopolymeric composite materials are required with advanced and multifunctional properties in the biomedical field and regenerative medicines with a complete analysis of routine biomaterials with enhanced biomedical engineering characteristics. Several studies in the literature on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing...
Natural Polymeric Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2020
Despite considerable advances in microsurgical techniques over the past decades, bone tissue remains a challenging arena to obtain a satisfying functional and structural restoration after damage. Through the production of substituting materials mimicking the physical and biological properties of the healthy tissue, tissue engineering strategies address an urgent clinical need for therapeutic alternatives to bone autografts. By virtue of their structural versatility, polymers have a predominant role in generating the biodegradable matrices that hold the cells in situ to sustain the growth of new tissue until integration into the transplantation area (i.e., scaffolds). As compared to synthetic ones, polymers of natural origin generally present superior biocompatibility and bioactivity. Their assembly and further engineering give rise to a wide plethora of advanced supporting materials, accounting for systems based on hydrogels or scaffolds with either fibrous or porous architecture. The present review offers an overview of the various types of natural polymers currently adopted in bone tissue engineering, describing their manufacturing techniques and procedures of functionalization with active biomolecules, and listing the advantages and disadvantages in their respective use in order to critically compare their actual applicability potential. Their combination to other classes of materials (such as micro and nanomaterials) and other innovative strategies to reproduce physiological bone microenvironments in a more faithful way are also illustrated. The regeneration outcomes achieved in vitro and in vivo when the scaffolds are enriched with different cell types, as well as the preliminary clinical applications are presented, before the prospects in this research field are finally discussed. The collection of studies herein considered confirms that advances in natural polymer research will be determinant in designing translatable materials for efficient tissue regeneration with forthcoming impact expected in the treatment of bone defects.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Editorial on the Research Topic Biofabrication and Biopolymeric Materials Innovation for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration The human musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissues. The primary functions of the musculoskeletal system include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system (Li and Niu, 2020). Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) include injuries and diseases that primarily affect the movement of the human body. They are characterized by pain and limitations in mobility, dexterity, and overall level of functioning, reducing patients' ability to work and maintain a good quality of life. A recent analysis of Global Burden of Disease data showed that approximately 1.71 billion people globally have musculoskeletal conditions (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). MSDs such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and ankylosing spondylitis affect joints (McInnes and Schett, 2011; Loeser et al., 2012; Litwic et al., 2013); osteoporosis, osteopenia and associated fragility fractures, as well as traumatic fractures, affect bones (Florencio-Silva et al., 2015); sarcopenia affects muscles, and back and neck pain affect the spine of the human body. Tissue engineering is a concept whereby cells are taken from a patient, their number is then expanded before being seeded on a biomaterial scaffold. The appropriate stimuli (chemical, biological, mechanical and electrical) are applied, and new tissue is formed over time. This new tissue is then implanted to help restore function for the patient (Liu et al., 2007). To achieve the repair and regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues is still a challenge that requires the combined effort of biomaterials scientists, tissue biologists, and engineers. Material selection is critical to ensuring that cell-seeded tissue constructs have appropriate mechanical and biological environments. Biopolymers are natural materials derived from plants and animals including polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and polypeptides such as gelatin, silk fibroin and elastin. Many biopolymers have properties such as cell adhesion and degradability and form highly swollen networks that provide physiologically relevant environments for cell culture (Muir and Burdick, 2021). Biopolymers can also be chemically functionalised to bring about control over their cellbinding and cross-linking capabilities (Muir and Burdick, 2021). In TE of soft MSK tissues, such as cartilage, ligaments and intervertebral discs biopolymer hydrogels have been extensively used as they provide a highly hydrated 3D matrix for these largely avascular tissues (Kesti et al., 2015). Bone is the hard tissue of the musculoskeletal system and is a commonly investigated tissue for regeneration. Tissue engineering approaches are usually combinatorial between hard and soft materials to produce
Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair
Progress in Polymer Science, 2010
The past decade has seen the rapid development of new strategies for the design of biodegradable macromolecular compounds, with properly suited architecture and tailored properties, functioning as temporary support for the engineering of living constructs in tissue regeneration applications. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research in the interdisciplinary field of tissue engineering, with particular regard to bone and cartilage tissues, aimed at the design, synthesis, evaluation and characterization of bioactive polymeric scaffolds guiding and promoting new tissue ingrowth. Current strategies in scaffold-guided tissue engineering approach, involving the most employed biodegradable polymers, either of natural or synthetic origin, will be reported underlying the role played by both material structure-property relationship and scaffold architecture. While there are many polymeric materials that may be employed for the regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue, we will focus specifically on those that have been more extensively applied, showing promising outcomes. Commonly exploited and innovative processing techniques for the fabrication of advanced tissue engineering scaffolds will be explored, highlighting theoretical principles and their potential in creating micro-nanostructures suitable for tissue regeneration applications.
A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds
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Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technology from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential components. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given application. Depending on this, scaffold materials can be of natural or synthetic origin, degradable or nondegradable. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic polymers and their possible comp...
Recent concepts in biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering paradigms: a critical review
International Materials Reviews, 2018
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are emerging as future approaches for the treatment of acute and chronic diseases. However, many challenging clinical conditions exist today and include congenital disorders, trauma, infection, inflammation and cancer, in which hard and soft tissue damage, organ failure and loss are still not treated effectively. Regenerative medicine has contributed to a number of innovations through artificial implants and biomedical materials, with advances are continually being made. Researchers are constantly developing new biomaterials and tissue engineered technologies to stimulate tissue regeneration in order to repair and replace damaged or malfunctioning organs. However, the challenge continues to lie in devising effective biomedical materials that can be implanted as scaffolds. Various approaches are emerging, according to the organ, tissue, disease and disorder. Scaffolds are implanted cell-free, or incorporated with stems cells, committed cells, or bioactive molecules. Irrespective, engineered biomaterials are required to regenerate and ultimately reproduce the original physiological, biological, chemical and mechanical properties over time. This is enabled by providing a three-dimensional architecture for cells to adhere, migrate, proliferate within, and differentiate appropriately for the growth of new tissues to provide a relevant structure, and in so doing, restore function. Biodegradable materials have been used extensively as regenerative therapies since their advent in early 20th century. One notable example is the development of surgical fixation devices. The selection, design and physicochemical properties of these materials are important and must consider biocompatibility, biodegradability and minimal cytotoxicity in the host to enable cell-proliferation, cell-matrix interactions and intercellular signalling for stimulating tissue growth. In this review, we critique the most studied and recently developed biodegradable
Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative Therapies require biomaterials with properties and functions tailored to the demands of a specific application. Especially in biomaterial induced auto-regeneration, multifunctional polymer-based biomaterials are of high relevance. The cooperation of scientists from different disciplines is essential in order to perform research and development of biomaterials directed to clinical applications and products. Here, fundamental research for polymer based biomaterials meets application-motivated science aiming at translation of the gained knowledge into products and clinical applications.