Integrated flood disaster management and spatial information: Case studies of Netherlands and India (original) (raw)
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Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 2009
PurposeThis paper aims to demonstrate a Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based study on development of District Disaster Management System for floods for Allahabad Sadar Sub‐District (India).Design/methodology/approachAn approach has been designed to explore the scope for the combination of Disaster Management and GIS. The flood‐prone areas have been identified and their positions are marked using ArcView 9.1. GIS has been exploited to obtain the spatial information for the effective disaster management for flood‐affected areas.FindingsArcView 9.1 has been used as a tool for storing all types of relevant data for analysis and decision making. The various thematic maps include road network map, drinking water sources map, land use map, population density map, ward boundaries and location of slums.Originality/valueThe paper proposes evelopment of a GIS‐based early response system, and an emergency preparedness plan for the Allahabad Sadar sub‐district and also analysis of the impac...
Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 2006
This paper addresses the need for an efficient and cost-effective methodology for preparing flood hazard maps in data poor countries, particularly those under a monsoon regime where floods pose a recurrent danger. Taking Gangetic West Bengal, India, as an example and using available historical data from government agencies, the study compiled a regional map indicating hazard prone subregional areas for further detailed investigation, thereby isolating actual high risk localities. Using a GIS (Geographical Information System), a composite hazard index was devised incorporating variables of flood frequency, population density, transportation networks, access to potable water, and availability of high ground and maximum risk zones were mapped accordingly. A digital elevation model derived from high resolution imagery available in the public domain was used to calculate elevated areas suitable for temporary shelter during a flood. Selecting administrative units of analysis at the lowest possible scales -rural development blocks (regional) and revenue villages (subregional) -also ensures that hazard mapping is prepared in line with the existing rural planning and administrative authorities responsible for remedial intervention.
Flood is considered as one of the most devastating hazards around the globe and emerged as an important issue among all the stakeholder to manage. Every year when the flood occurs, it has a terrible impact on human lives and demolishes billions of dollars property and infrastructure as well. The flood catastrophe and its losses can be reduced and prevented by flood inundation maps which provides a reliable and accurate information to the public. The principle objective of this paper is to review the application of Geographical information system (GIS) and technology of Remote sensing (RS) in geospatial skills and expertise in sciences, the integration and utilization of spatial and information technology effectively and more prominence is on using non-structure approaches based on remote sensing and geographic information system in flood crisis management. The advantages of solving complex logistics operations, accuracy with high speed which provides a reliable change, improved communication, monitoring capability, modeling, estimation of flood risk, promoted a cost saving mechanism with greater efficiency/friendly adaptability with the environment of theses digitize systems purposes to using more and more spatial application in flood crisis management. Geospatial information and remote sensing utilization serves as bridge between the flooding security measures and early prediction system. The paper encompasses the advantages of RS & GIS which acts as a tool in monitoring and improving before, during and after the flood crisis management in Malaysia.
Environmental Planning for Disaster Mangement by Using Gis (A Case Study About Flood in Mazandaran)
2011
emergencies, earthquakes, fires and floods as the natural disaster management in national and international level. The Tsunami in Asia and some natural disaster accidents demonstrated that human beings are at risk at any time, anywhere. Adequate geo-spatial information is a prerequisite for sustainable development, but many parts of the world lack adequate information on environmental resources. By providing such information, which serves as an important tool for decision-making in land use planning, national mapping agencies can help provide effective information to natural disaster management. Their role in sustainability and development planning is thus unique and essential. Organizations with normally distinctive mandates today design, store and manage geo-information. Accurate information on land and environmental resources is essential to provide disaster management plan. Key sources of information include topographic maps, aerial photos, satellite images, and data derived fro...
A Spatial Planning Perspective for Measures Concerning Flood Risk Management
International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2010
at 1:30 PM in the Aula. J.M.M. Neuvel Geographical dimensions of risk management. The contribution of spatial planning and Geo-ICT to risk reduction. 224 pages Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2009) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-90-8585-450-0
Emergency Response Resilience to Floods Operationalised with Applied Geoinformatics
Doctoral Dissertation, 2021
In cities, timely emergency response (ER) presupposes timely citywide accessibility enabled by the road transport system’s uninterrupted functioning. However, in this era of increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and hydrometeorological hazards, delays or blockages challenge timely accessibility. Therefore, the thesis aims to contribute to saving lives by reducing losses in critical infrastructure (CI) functioning for adaptive emergency response (ER) provision towards the population’s and the emergency responders’ safety. For this purpose, the urban ER system is presented as a complex adaptive system of systems (SoS) that, under the stressor of floods, can adapt and transform so to retain its critical functionality considering safety and security aspects. For a deepened understanding of flood risks, their cascading impacts and interrelation with the resilience of a complex adaptive SoS, the thesis introduces an operational resilience framework that adopts an interdependent resiliencies concept and combines a top-down and a bottom-up spatial scaling approach. The SoS resilience concept, as applied to an urban ER system, introduces an operational framework for the urban emergency response resilience (ERR) that follows the 4R model (4Resilience characteristics: robustness, resourcefulness, redundancy, rapidity of response) in an interdependent form. The usefulness and intent of adopting the urban ERR concept from European stakeholders and researchers and emergency response and civil protection officials are analysed with semi-structured interviews. The CAS theory applied to the urban ER system enables its division to the agent, system and network level and identifies the hierarchy between its constituent systems. The road transport system is higher in the hierarchy due to its pivotal role in the urban ER system’s behaviour and, therefore, is the ‘zero-point’ for further flood risk assessments. The graph theory and the complex network theory assist with graphical representations and compartmentalisation of the urban ER system to its systems, networks, and components and digitisation using geographic information systems (GIS) for ERR assessments. The ERR to regular and extreme scenarios of riverine floods and flash floods is assessed with a multi-criteria risk-based time-dependent accessibility indicator (RITAI) for Cologne’s fire brigade system in Germany. The RITAI utilises applied geoinformatics with geographic information systems (GIS) to identify first-, second and third-order flood risks in various scales and levels of this urban ER system, with a top-down and an eight-step GIS-based spatial upscaling approach. Safety and security aspects are considered with the RITAI’s benchmarking according to the fire trucks’ safe driving capacity through flooded waters, the flood depths and the road types. After defining analyses’ units on a road network level, a developed semi-automated GIS-Toolkit integrates flood depth and flood-impacted road type-dependent speeds in the road network database for each of the selected flood scenarios. The resulting flood-risk informative road networks are utilised for large-scale road network resilience capacities, assessed with changes in transport characteristics. Later and after the definition of city units, citywide connectivity and accessibility assessments are conducted with network analyses. For a pattern identification of the fire brigade system’s ERR to floods, the RITAI is assessed and visualised in each city unit, after classification according to Cologne's fire brigades' official ER time thresholds - eight minutes. Geovisualisation and fuzzification techniques are utilised for simplification and aggregation of the information. Flood-impact statistical curves are also generated for aggregation of information and preparedness of response to escalating or compound flood events. The data utilised were retrieved from open sources and fire brigade and flood management local officials in raster, vector, Excel files and official reports and were visualised in maps. The data undertook cleaning and transformation for interoperability purposes and further handling. The RITAI’s general application and handling of data can be time-consuming, with the processing costs depending highly on the selected units of analyses and the computer’s memory capacity. The results, i.e., large-scale road network exposure, redundancy and resourcefulness, citywide accessibility route plans and spatial hexagonal urban ER system connectivity and ERR matrixes, are visualised in maps. They indicate that the citywide ER efficiency in cities depends highly on large-scale geolocated flood extent and flood depth information and the road type and the rescue vehicles’ capacity for safe drivability through flooded waters. It is identified that the regular and extreme flash floods scenarios follow a similar geographical locality of occurrence. However, the extreme flash flood scenario causes a higher ERR decrease, which indicates its dependence on the road type exposed to floods and the geolocation of flood intensities. Moreover, in cities, the local enhancement of the road network’s resilience (absorption, adaptation and transformation) capacities, considering the emergency responders’ safety, enhances the fire brigade system’s ERR to floods. The local extension of CI functioning is achieved by enhancing resourcefulness (transformation capacity) with an extension of the road transport system’s endogenous redundancy (adaptation capacity). This extension further extends its exogenous redundancy of alternative accessibility route paths, enhancing the fire brigade system’s response capacity. Additionally, statistical analyses of the road transport system’s resilience capacities in case of escalating floods revealed that its resilience capacity for ER provision is highly decreased. Finally, ERR assessments indicate that the ER provision will potentially be highly incapacitated in case of an extreme riverine flood scenario and highly delayed with an extreme flash flood scenario. It is also identified that east Cologne needs further attention in the preparedness phase for timely ER under flooded conditions. Nevertheless, the results depend on the correctness of data used, their resolution and unit of analyses, which can cause biases in the calculation processes. Biases in interpreting the results are reduced by simplifying the system’s connectivity and ERR information in hexagonal spatial matrixes. With the concept of ERR and its operationalisation approach, current silo-thinking disaster risk management (DRM) approaches are enriched with CAS, resilience, security and spatial thinking, enabling holistic and collaborative risk mitigation strategies. For this purpose, an identified lacking connection between the application fields of emergency rescue systems, civil protection and critical infrastructure protection (CIP) is now established with the suggested urban ER system. Additionally, the enhancement of the ERR and the communities’ resilience through timely ER provision is achieved with enhanced geospatial preparedness for adaptive management. Applied geoinformatics and GIS provide the means for identifying, assessing, visualising and timely exchanging a range of systemic and cascading first-, second-and third-order flood impacts for adaptive management. Adaptation is attained with approaches that consider safety and security aspects and enable accurate assessments of, for example, operational costs associated with the transfer of heavy rescue equipment, emergency humanitarian logistics, community and CI resilience. The concept’s flexible and interdisciplinary character is valuable for further applications to various SoS and scenario- and place-based multi-criteria risk analyses and interdependency analyses valuable for training purposes in different countries, urban districts, and counties where floods are not typical. The thesis also discusses in detail further methodological improvements, enrichments and potential use cases.
Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
From the beginning of civilisation, human beings have preferred living on the river banks which have been the most vulnerable areas of flood hazards and consequent disasters. During the monsoon period, in many developing countries of south-east Asia, flood hazards and disasters have been a serious challenge for their development. Most of the rivers exceed their normal channel capacity attaining the flood stage and frequently overflow their banks, causing great havoc to the life and property of the people. Flooding is a very serious problem in many districts of West Bengal. The prime concern of delineation of flood-prone areas is to regulate the land use in the flood-prone areas to restrict damage potential and also mitigate the negative effects of floods on people and the economy. In a regulated way, flood-prone areas are required to be developed. Because, on one hand, it is to be ensured that existing hazard and flood damage potential do not increase and new developmental works bec...
Flood Risk Management: An Illustrative Approach
10th Annual Conference of the International Institute for Infrastructure Renewal and Reconstruction, 2014
Widespread flooding with significant damage in many countries, such as the Philippines in 2013, highlights the ongoing need for effective flood risk management (FRM). This hinges on comprehensive access to and dissemination of information about the elements and the people at risk. Simulations, real-time graphs, and maps illustrate the spatial distribution of flood risks, spatial allocation and dissemination of flood effects, if flood risk reduction measures are not implemented, as well as the benefits to be derived from the effective implementation and maintenance of flood risk management measures not realized. Using precipitation, river water, and tide levels, a real-time monitoring site was set up for the Shirakawa River, Kumamoto, Japan. The data gathered from the July 2012 flood event is used as a demonstrator, illustrating a flood event as well as how to utilize the information provided on this site to determine the future time and possibility of flooding. Additionally, an electronically generated flood hazard map making process is being developed for distribution across Japan. These illustrative approaches can be utilized in cities and communities around the globe.
Sustainability
Urban floods are very destructive and have significant socioeconomic repercussions in regions with a common flooding prevalence. Various researchers have laid down numerous approaches for analyzing the evolution of floods and their consequences. One primary goal of such approaches is to identify the areas vulnerable to floods for risk reduction and management purposes. The present paper proposes an integrated remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and field survey-based approach for identifying and predicting urban flood-prone areas. The work is unique in theory since the methodology proposed finds application in urban areas wherein the cause of flooding, in addition to heavy rainfall, is also the inefficient urban drainage system. The work has been carried out in Delhi’s Yamuna River National Capital Territory (NCT) area, considered one of India’s most frequently flooded urban centers, to analyze the causes of its flooding and supplement the existing forecasting model...