Smartphone Use and its Impact on Ocular Health among University Students in Saudi Arabia (original) (raw)
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Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Associated Ocular Problem in Young Population Of U.P, India
IJRASET, 2021
Through the technological development mobile phone entered in our lives which becoming the most commonly used technical device. The telecom technology (smart phones mainly) development has profound impact on lives of the students. It has more advantages, it enhance or improvise our knowledge , increase more activity in less time but sometimes it act as a harmful device by the excessive usage , on our young generation. It becomes adductor device in young population. Purpose-the main purpose of this study is used to find the impact on users-academic performance, daily activities, physical and mental health, social relationships, ocular problems, and withdrawal tendency. Design-This study is based on the young age group. A complete descriptive questionnaire based study. Method-Total 100 students were included in this study, mainly young age group between 18 to 25 years. 20 questions was structured in Google form and then sent to the student through their mobile phone. Their working hour on the smart phones, component of applications which were they most used. Result-This study proved the level of mobile phone addiction scale, their physical, mental and behavioral changes. Ocular problems found such as Dry eye, headache, blurred vision, eyestrain, neck and shoulder pain, fatigue and red eye also general health problem like pain in wrist, index finger, phalanges etc. Conclusion-the data collected from 100 students shows mobile addiction was determined to relate to withdrawal, tolerance and salience. The most common ocular causes was dry eye, blurred vision, eye strain, headache are recorded in this study.
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2021
This study aims to investigate the association between prolonged use of smartphone and the incidence of dry eye among adolescents. A cross sectional study was performed among junior high school students in Makassar. Of 143 students within the age of 12-16 years old, 74 were those with over 3-h use of smartphone, while 69 spent less than or equal to 3 h. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was performed, followed by blink rate, Tear Break Up Time (TBUT), Tear Meniscus Height (TMH) examinations, and Schirmer test. Pearson's correlation, Independent-t and Chi Square tests were employed for data analysis. The result indicates that there was a significant association between the prolonged use of smartphone and dry eye incidence as specified by OSDI score (p < 0,01), abnormal blink rate (p < 0,01), TBUT (p < 0,05), TMH (p < 0,01), dan Schirmer test (p < 0,01). The more extent use of smartphone, the lower the scores of abnormal blink rate, TBUT, TMH, and Schirmer tests were obtained, and the higher OSDI score was gained. In conclusion, the prolonged use of smartphone promotes various eye disorders. Therefore, parental advisory upon the smartphone use among adolescents is necessary to prevent the detrimental effects.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021
Aim: To find out the frequency of ocular and extraocular symptoms due to cellphone use among the medical students. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in private and public sector medical and dental colleges of Karachi from January 2019 to September 2019. Methodology: Self-designed, self-explanatory questionnaire was used to collect data. The setting for the collection of the data has been classrooms, common rooms, cafeteria and open sports areas of the medical and dental colleges which has been surveyed by the different team members of the group. The data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 21.2 ±1.82 years, among them majority was female i.e. 60.25%. Participants were having different degrees of blurred vision, eyestrain, dry eyes, eye redness and irritation, difficulty in refocusing the eyes and double vision with frequency of 17....
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Prolonged electronic screen use can cause digital eye strain. It can be difficult to rectify due to increasing smartphone reliance, potentially leading to serious public health problems. To investigate the association between time spent on smartphones and digital eye strain (DES) among Hong Kong Chinese school-aged children. Of a total of 1,508 students (748 males, 49.6%) from 8 to 14 years old (mean age = 10.91 years, SD = 2.01) who provided valid data on DES, the 1,298 (86%) who completed the DES questionnaire at 1-year follow-up were included in the analysis. DES was measured using a 10-item scale, and the sum of the 10 dichotomised scores was used as the DES total score. The most commonly reported symptoms were eye fatigue (n = 804, 53.3%), blurred vision (changing from reading to distance viewing) (n = 586, 38.9%), and irritated or burning eyes (n = 516, 34.2%). The DES total scores at baseline and 1-year follow-up were 2.91 (SD = 2.90) and 3.20 (SD = 3.19), respectively. Linea...
Relationship between Smartphone Use and Dry Eye Symptoms in Children
Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019
Purpose: To study the relationship between smartphone use and dry eye disease (DED) in pediatric age group. Materials & methods: A prospective, quasi-experimental study of 78 children diagnosed with DED (as per International Dry Eye Workshop guidelines) was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Odisha over the duration of 9 months from July 2016-March 2017. Questions on time of smartphone/other visual display terminal use, continuous reading hour, outdoor activity were asked to older children and parents of younger children. Symptoms were noted and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score calculated. Ocular examination including slit lamp, inter blink interval (IBI), tear-film breakup time (TBUT) & Schirmer's test (ST) done. The patients were divided into Category A (continuous smartphone use for >/=1hr) & Category B (use for <1hr at a stretch/intermittent use). Results: Of the 78 children (43.6% rural & 56.4% urban) 88.4% belonged to Category A and 11.6% to Category B. Mean IBI in Category A was 2.89s & in Category B it was 4.32s, mean TBUT was measured at 8.87 s and 9s in both the categories respectively, and a Schirmer's value of <10mm without anaesthesia in both the categories. Patients were reviewed again after discontinuing use of smartphone for 1 month. Improvement in symptoms and dry eye scores noted with the values being statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Smartphone use continuously for longer time can lead to symptoms of DED in children. With increasing smartphone use among younger population this is a cause of concern.
Relation between Smartphone Use and Unilateral Ocular Pain and Headache
Current Perspectives on Less-known Aspects of Headache, 2017
Ocular pain and headache may stem from many causes, ranging from infections and inflammations to radiating pain. Nowadays, use of smartphones may be an emerging cause of unilateral ocular pain and headache, especially in young population. In this study, we implemented a survey and examined the eyes of patients who used smartphones with 20/20 vision. The patients with normal neurologic and ear-nose-throat (ENT) examination findings comprised the study group. The age, duration of smartphone use, ocular examination findings, and results of ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were recorded. An association between smartphone use and ocular pain/headache was found. Spherical equivalent values of the patients with headache or ocular pain were significantly lower than those who had no pain. The OSDI scores of patients with ocular pain were significantly higher than others without ocular pain. Adverse effects of smartphone use on ocular surface and over accommodation induced by near vision may have an effect on the occurrence of ocular pain and headache.
Clinical and Experimental Optometry
Smartphone and tablet use in Australia and worldwide is reaching saturation levels and associated visual and ocular discomfort such as headaches, eyestrain, dry eyes and sore eyes are widespread. This review synthesises the available literature and considers these symptoms in the context of a binocular vision and/or ocular surface aetiology. Eye discomfort with smartphones and tablets is discussed alongside similar symptoms reported with desktop computer use. Handheld devices differ from computers in viewing position and distance, screen size and luminance, and patterns of use. Accommodation is altered with handheld device use, with increased lag and decreased amplitude. Smartphone and tablet use results in reduced fusional convergence and possibly a receded near point of convergence. This is similar to what happens with computer use. Findings related to blink rate with smartphone and tablet use are contradictory, perhaps due to the influence of task difficulty, and there is limited evidence related to blink amplitude. Reduced blink rate and amplitude are consistently reported with computer use. Use of handheld digital devices, like computers, may adversely impact tear stability. There is insufficient evidence to support the impact of handheld devices on tear volume, although this is reduced with computer use. The available literature does not conclusively link eye and visual discomfort symptoms reported with handheld digital devices, with changes in binocular vision, blinking or ocular surface. However, there is a gap in our understanding of symptoms which occur with smartphone and tablet use in the context of how these devices are used. In addition, studies are required in high users such as teenagers, and in patients with dry eye or accommodative/ binocular vision anomalies, all of whom may have a higher risk of symptoms. A better understanding of symptom aetiology can guide clinical advice to minimise adverse impacts on visual and ocular surface health and discomfort.
Smartphone Use Associated with Refractive Error in Teenagers
Ophthalmology, 2021
To investigate the association between smartphone use and refractive error in teenagers using the Myopia app. Design: Cross-sectional population-based study. Participants: A total of 525 teenagers 12 to 16 years of age from 6 secondary schools and from the birth cohort study Generation R participated. Methods: A smartphone application (Myopia app; Innovattic) was designed to measure smartphone use and face-to-screen distance objectively and to pose questions about outdoor exposure. Participants underwent cycloplegic refractive error and ocular biometry measurements. Mean daily smartphone use was calculated in hours per day and continuous use as the number of episodes of 20 minutes on screen without breaks. Linear mixed models were conducted with smartphone use, continuous use, and face-to-screen distance as determinants and spherical equivalent of refraction (SER) and axial length-to-corneal radius (AL:CR) ratio as outcome measures stratified by median outdoor exposure. Main Outcome Measures: Spherical equivalent of refraction in diopters and AL:CR ratio. Results: The teenagers on average were 13.7 AE 0.85 years of age, and myopia prevalence was 18.9%. During school days, total smartphone use on average was 3.71 AE 1.70 hours/day and was associated only borderline significantly with AL:CR ratio (b ¼ 0.008; 95% confidence interval [CI], e0.001 to 0.017) and not with SER. Continuous use on average was 6.42 AE 4.36 episodes of 20-minute use without breaks per day and was associated significantly with SER and AL:CR ratio (b ¼ e0.07 [95% CI, e0.13 to e0.01] and b ¼ 0.004 [95% CI, 0.001e0.008], respectively). When stratifying for outdoor exposure, continuous use remained significant only for teenagers with low exposure (b ¼ e0.10 [95% CI, e0.20 to e0.
Smartphone induced eye strain in young and healthy individuals
2020
Background: Usage of digital devices has become one’s basic need. Digital eye strain is repeatedly noticed sequelae in optometry practice. Objectives: This study aims to estimate the different aspects of eye strain. Methodology: Altogether, 55 students with a mean age of 21.25 years, vision (≥6/9) were enrolled. A survey related to common asthenopic (eyestrain) symptoms was carried before and after reading an extract from a novel. Accommodative facility and non-invasive first tear breakup (NTBUT) time were measured before and after the reading. The viewing distance to a smartphone was measured every 20 min. Results: The total eye strain symptom score was significantly greater post-experiment (score = 7.07±2.84) than preexperiment (score = 1.54±1.60, p < 0.001). Symptoms of tired eyes, sore eyes, and sleepy eyes increased significantly after 60 min of a smartphone use (p < 0.05). The mean viewing distance while using a smartphone over 60 min was 30.15 ± 3.29 cm. There was a sig...
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare
To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and to identify modifiable risk factors in medical students. Therefore, as to provide with necessory instruction and precaution to reduce the occurrence of the ocular morbidity. METHODS A cross sectional observational study was conducted amongst 200 medical students who are using smart phone, laptop and computer to determine the relationship between asthenopia and related risk factors. Data were based on demographic features, type and duration of electronic items used and asthenopic symptoms was collected by self-administered questionnaire. The data was compiled and entered into excel sheet and analyzed by using appropriate statistical test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 20. RESULTS We found out of96% students, 51.56% had moderate asthenopic symptoms. Most of the students had more than one asthenopic symptoms, in which headache (56.77%) was found to be the most common symptom followed by eye strain (50.52%), blurring of vision (40.62%) and redness (23.95%). Those who were using electronic devices for4-10 hours, had more moderate to severe asthenopic symptoms about 85%. The ocular morbidity was found to be more among the smartphone users followed by laptops. There was association between ocular symptoms and type of electronic devices (χ2= 14.6, p < 0.006) and duration (χ2= 25.6, p<0.001) of its use. CONCLUSION With this study we can identify the modifiable risk factors and excess use of electronic devices, therefore we can guide the students to limit the risk factors so that we can reduce the ocular morbidity.