Enhancing Pixel Value Difference (PVD) Image Steganography by Using Mobile Phone Keypad (MPK) Coding (original) (raw)
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An Improved Image Steganography Algorithm Based on PVD
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
In this paper, a modification of PVD (Pixel value differencing) algorithm is used for Image Steganography in spatial domain. It is normalizing secret data value by encoding method to make the new pixel edge difference less among three neighbors (horizontal, vertical and diagonal) and embedding data only to less intensity pixel difference areas or regions. The proposed algorithm shows a good improvemernt for both color and gray-scale images compared to other algorithms. Color images performance are better than gray images. However, in this work the focus is mainly on gray images. The strenght of this scheme is that any random hidden/secret data do not make any shuttle differences to Steg-image compared to original image. The bit plane slicing is used to analyze the maximum payload that has been embeded into the cover image securely. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is performing better and showing great consistent results for PSNR, MSE values of any images, als...
Pixel Overlapping Image Steganography Using PVD and Modulus Function
3D Research, 2018
This paper proposes an image steganography technique based on the principle of pixel overlapping to improve the embedding capacity (EC) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The proposed technique has two variants: (1) overlapped pixel value differencing with modulus function (OPVDMF), and (2) overlapped pixel value differencing (OPVD). Both the variants operate on pixel blocks of size 1 9 5. The OPVDMF uses the difference between the first four pixels with the 5th pixel for data embedding. Again the pixel adjustment is done to minimize the distortion. The OPVD method divides the block into four sub-blocks with 1st and 5th, 5th and 2nd, 3rd and 5th, 5th and 4th pixels. The proposed technique has been compared with the existing techniques in terms of PSNR, EC, bits per pixel, and execution time. Further, the security of the proposed technique has been verified using RS analysis.
Security and Communication Networks
The combination of pixel value differencing (PVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution gives higher capacity and lesser distortion. However, there are three issues to be taken into account: (i) fall off boundary problem (FOBP), (ii) pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, and (iii) RS analysis. This paper proposes a steganography technique in two variants using combination of modified LSB substitution and PVD by taking care of these three issues. The first variant operates on 2 × 3 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. In one of the pixels of a block, embedding is performed using modified LSB substitution. Based on the new value of this pixel, difference values with other neighboring pixels are calculated. Using these differences, PVD approach is applied. The edges in multiple directions are exploited, so PDH analysis cannot detect this steganography. The LSB substitution is performed in only one pixel of the block, so RS analysis also cann...
Pixel Value Differencing a Steganographic method: A Survey
Ijca Proceedings on International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology 2013, 2013
Information (or data) hiding process embeds data into digital media for the purpose of security. In spatial or frequency domain several Steganographic algorithms have been proposed for embedding data in digital images as cover media. These criteria have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of a Steganographic method to measure how it is secure against detection. Other criteria include embedding capacity and invisibility to human eyes. To increase the capacity of the hidden secret information as well as to provide a stego-image imperceptible to human vision, a novel steganographic approach based on pixel-value differencing is used. In this paper various methods of PVD are discussed and proposed method combines all the features of these methods.
Adaptive PVD Steganography Using Horizontal, Vertical, and Diagonal Edges in Six-Pixel Blocks
Security and Communication Networks
The traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) steganographical schemes are easily detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. This problem could be addressed by adding two tricks: (i) utilizing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal edges and (ii) using adaptive quantization ranges. This paper presents an adaptive PVD technique using 6-pixel blocks. There are two variants. The proposed adaptive PVD for 2×3-pixel blocks is known as variant 1, and the proposed adaptive PVD for 3×2-pixel blocks is known as variant 2. For every block in variant 1, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle column pixels for detecting the horizontal and diagonal edges. Similarly, for every block in variant 2, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle row pixels for detecting the vertical and diagonal edges. The quantization ranges are adaptive and are calculated using the correlation of the two middle column/row pixels with the four corner pixels. ...
A data hiding technique by mixing MFPVD and LSB substitution in a pixel
Information Technology And Control
Pixel difference range mismatch at sender and receiver is a major problem with pixel value differencing (PVD) steganography techniques. This paper proposes a new steganography technique combining modulus function PVD (MFPVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution to address the range mismatch problem. It uses 2×3 size pixel blocks to utilize the edges in five directions. The two LSBs of all the pixels of the block form the lower bit plane block. It is also known as remainder block. Similarly, the six most significant bits (MSBs) of all the pixels of the block form the higher bit plane block. It is also known as quotient block. The quotient block is formed by applying quotient division on all the pixels of the pixel block. Similarly, the remainder block is formed by applying remainder division on all the pixels of the pixel block. MFPVD is applied on the quotient block. The central quotient in the quotient block is considered as reference value and five difference values with five neighboring quotients are calculated. Based on the average of these five difference values, the hiding capacity in all the five directions is decided. The central remainder value in the remainder block acts as an indicator to represent the number of bits hidden in each of these five quotients, so that data extraction can be done successfully. In remaining five remainders LSB substitution is applied. The experimental results prove that there are no step effects in pixel difference histograms of stego-images. It means that the pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis cannot detect this proposed technique. Further, it is also justified that the proposed technique achieves higher hiding capacity as compared to the existing techniques without compromising the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
Steganography Using More Surronding Pixels
—Nowadays among the steganography techniques and particularly in conventional least significant bit (LSB) insertion method, there is a challenging issue and that is how to embed the secret bits in a medium like a typical 8-bit gray scale image in a way to be hidden to the human vision system. The gray scale image is called Cover Image and the pixels that carry the secret bits are called Target Pixels. The considerable point is how the capacity of every target pixel is achieved in order to maintain an acceptable imperceptibility of the secret data. The number of bits embedded in each target pixel is called Capacity. Some methods utilize either three or four adjacent neighbors of a target pixel so as to find its capacity such as BPCS, PVD and MBNS. In this paper, a method is proposed that uses at least four numbers of eight surrounding pixels of a target pixel. The more pixels are used for estimating the capacity, the higher image quality is achieved and vice versa. Thanks to this fact, smaller image's distortion is made in the cover image. The method is called MSPU that stands for more surrounding pixels using.
LSB Substitution and PVD performance analysis for image steganography
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2018
Image Steganography is data hiding technology to transmit securely significant data in an open channel. In this paper, we present performance analysis of Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution and Pixel-Value Differencing (PVD) methods commonly used in image steganography. The comparison of these methods is performed by using Peak Signal-toNoise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and payload values. The 512 x 512 size of colored and gray-scale cover images as Lena, Baboon, Peppers, and Airplane are used in the experimental studies. In the LSB method, the PSNR values are about 51.6, while the PVD method is between 37.83 and 41.28 for colored cover image. In gray-scale images, while PVD is between 38.52 and 41.42, the LSB is about 51.14. In our paper results shows that PSNR and SSIM values are higher in LSB substitution than PVD method. However, PVD method embeds more secret data than LSB substitution method into cover image with less visual perceptibility.