Enhancing Pixel Value Difference (PVD) Image Steganography by Using Mobile Phone Keypad (MPK) Coding (original) (raw)
An Improved Image Steganography Algorithm Based on PVD
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
In this paper, a modification of PVD (Pixel value differencing) algorithm is used for Image Steganography in spatial domain. It is normalizing secret data value by encoding method to make the new pixel edge difference less among three neighbors (horizontal, vertical and diagonal) and embedding data only to less intensity pixel difference areas or regions. The proposed algorithm shows a good improvemernt for both color and gray-scale images compared to other algorithms. Color images performance are better than gray images. However, in this work the focus is mainly on gray images. The strenght of this scheme is that any random hidden/secret data do not make any shuttle differences to Steg-image compared to original image. The bit plane slicing is used to analyze the maximum payload that has been embeded into the cover image securely. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is performing better and showing great consistent results for PSNR, MSE values of any images, als...
Pixel Overlapping Image Steganography Using PVD and Modulus Function
3D Research, 2018
This paper proposes an image steganography technique based on the principle of pixel overlapping to improve the embedding capacity (EC) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The proposed technique has two variants: (1) overlapped pixel value differencing with modulus function (OPVDMF), and (2) overlapped pixel value differencing (OPVD). Both the variants operate on pixel blocks of size 1 9 5. The OPVDMF uses the difference between the first four pixels with the 5th pixel for data embedding. Again the pixel adjustment is done to minimize the distortion. The OPVD method divides the block into four sub-blocks with 1st and 5th, 5th and 2nd, 3rd and 5th, 5th and 4th pixels. The proposed technique has been compared with the existing techniques in terms of PSNR, EC, bits per pixel, and execution time. Further, the security of the proposed technique has been verified using RS analysis.
Security and Communication Networks
The combination of pixel value differencing (PVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution gives higher capacity and lesser distortion. However, there are three issues to be taken into account: (i) fall off boundary problem (FOBP), (ii) pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis, and (iii) RS analysis. This paper proposes a steganography technique in two variants using combination of modified LSB substitution and PVD by taking care of these three issues. The first variant operates on 2 × 3 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. In one of the pixels of a block, embedding is performed using modified LSB substitution. Based on the new value of this pixel, difference values with other neighboring pixels are calculated. Using these differences, PVD approach is applied. The edges in multiple directions are exploited, so PDH analysis cannot detect this steganography. The LSB substitution is performed in only one pixel of the block, so RS analysis also cann...
Pixel Value Differencing a Steganographic method: A Survey
Ijca Proceedings on International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology 2013, 2013
Information (or data) hiding process embeds data into digital media for the purpose of security. In spatial or frequency domain several Steganographic algorithms have been proposed for embedding data in digital images as cover media. These criteria have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of a Steganographic method to measure how it is secure against detection. Other criteria include embedding capacity and invisibility to human eyes. To increase the capacity of the hidden secret information as well as to provide a stego-image imperceptible to human vision, a novel steganographic approach based on pixel-value differencing is used. In this paper various methods of PVD are discussed and proposed method combines all the features of these methods.
Adaptive PVD Steganography Using Horizontal, Vertical, and Diagonal Edges in Six-Pixel Blocks
Security and Communication Networks
The traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) steganographical schemes are easily detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. This problem could be addressed by adding two tricks: (i) utilizing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal edges and (ii) using adaptive quantization ranges. This paper presents an adaptive PVD technique using 6-pixel blocks. There are two variants. The proposed adaptive PVD for 2×3-pixel blocks is known as variant 1, and the proposed adaptive PVD for 3×2-pixel blocks is known as variant 2. For every block in variant 1, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle column pixels for detecting the horizontal and diagonal edges. Similarly, for every block in variant 2, the four corner pixels are used to hide data bits using the middle row pixels for detecting the vertical and diagonal edges. The quantization ranges are adaptive and are calculated using the correlation of the two middle column/row pixels with the four corner pixels. ...
A data hiding technique by mixing MFPVD and LSB substitution in a pixel
Information Technology And Control
Pixel difference range mismatch at sender and receiver is a major problem with pixel value differencing (PVD) steganography techniques. This paper proposes a new steganography technique combining modulus function PVD (MFPVD) and least significant bit (LSB) substitution to address the range mismatch problem. It uses 2×3 size pixel blocks to utilize the edges in five directions. The two LSBs of all the pixels of the block form the lower bit plane block. It is also known as remainder block. Similarly, the six most significant bits (MSBs) of all the pixels of the block form the higher bit plane block. It is also known as quotient block. The quotient block is formed by applying quotient division on all the pixels of the pixel block. Similarly, the remainder block is formed by applying remainder division on all the pixels of the pixel block. MFPVD is applied on the quotient block. The central quotient in the quotient block is considered as reference value and five difference values with five neighboring quotients are calculated. Based on the average of these five difference values, the hiding capacity in all the five directions is decided. The central remainder value in the remainder block acts as an indicator to represent the number of bits hidden in each of these five quotients, so that data extraction can be done successfully. In remaining five remainders LSB substitution is applied. The experimental results prove that there are no step effects in pixel difference histograms of stego-images. It means that the pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis cannot detect this proposed technique. Further, it is also justified that the proposed technique achieves higher hiding capacity as compared to the existing techniques without compromising the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
Steganography Using More Surronding Pixels
—Nowadays among the steganography techniques and particularly in conventional least significant bit (LSB) insertion method, there is a challenging issue and that is how to embed the secret bits in a medium like a typical 8-bit gray scale image in a way to be hidden to the human vision system. The gray scale image is called Cover Image and the pixels that carry the secret bits are called Target Pixels. The considerable point is how the capacity of every target pixel is achieved in order to maintain an acceptable imperceptibility of the secret data. The number of bits embedded in each target pixel is called Capacity. Some methods utilize either three or four adjacent neighbors of a target pixel so as to find its capacity such as BPCS, PVD and MBNS. In this paper, a method is proposed that uses at least four numbers of eight surrounding pixels of a target pixel. The more pixels are used for estimating the capacity, the higher image quality is achieved and vice versa. Thanks to this fact, smaller image's distortion is made in the cover image. The method is called MSPU that stands for more surrounding pixels using.
LSB Substitution and PVD performance analysis for image steganography
International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 2018
Image Steganography is data hiding technology to transmit securely significant data in an open channel. In this paper, we present performance analysis of Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution and Pixel-Value Differencing (PVD) methods commonly used in image steganography. The comparison of these methods is performed by using Peak Signal-toNoise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and payload values. The 512 x 512 size of colored and gray-scale cover images as Lena, Baboon, Peppers, and Airplane are used in the experimental studies. In the LSB method, the PSNR values are about 51.6, while the PVD method is between 37.83 and 41.28 for colored cover image. In gray-scale images, while PVD is between 38.52 and 41.42, the LSB is about 51.14. In our paper results shows that PSNR and SSIM values are higher in LSB substitution than PVD method. However, PVD method embeds more secret data than LSB substitution method into cover image with less visual perceptibility.
Pixel Value Difference Based Image Steganography with One Time Pad Encryption
IEEE, 2019
Pixel value differencing (PVD) and Least Significant Bit (LSB) embedding are well known spatial domain stegano-graphic techniques. PVD utilizes the sharp changes of intensities among adjacent pixels where a large number of secret bits could be embedded without any perceptible change. one-time pad (OTP) symmetric cryptography is known for its security. In the proposed scheme one or more LSB bits of the selected pixels are used depending on the pixel intensity difference with neighboring pixels in 2 × 2 image blocks of the cover image. Secret bits are encrypted using OTP with randomly generated pre-shared key. Such encrypted bits are completely random and resemble noise hence make the scheme robust against different statistical attacks. Comparative simulations with some well-known PVD-based techniques show good results in terms of visual imperceptibility and different quality metrics such as MSE, PSNR, SSIM etc.
A New Pixel Value Based Steganography Method for Data Security
Objective: This paper proposes a new data hiding method to improve the security for data hiding. Method: This method first maps the cover image into a 1D pixel sequence and then divides it into non-overlapping blocks containing two successive pixels for embedding. It then calculates the difference between the two pixel values for the blocks. It then compares the difference with a reference table. The reference table is referred in every iteration for the comparison of pixel value differences and the range it falls in. This leads to the calculation of the number of bits which can be embedded in that particular block. Findings: The embedded pixels are then modified and their difference is calculated and compared with the range table. If the difference falls in same range, the embedded pixels are used as modified pixels, and if the difference does not fall in the same range, the pixels are modified such that the difference falls in the appropriate range. Extraction of the data is done in the same way to get the covert data. Application/Improvements: Experimental results show that this method enhances embedding rate while preserving the stego image quality.
Digital Image Steganography Using LSB Substitution, PVD, and EMD
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
To protect from pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis and RS analysis, two hybrid image steganography techniques by appropriate combination of LSB substitution, pixel value differencing (PVD), and exploiting modification directions (EMD) have been proposed in this paper. The cover image is traversed in raster scan order and partitioned into blocks. The first technique operates on 2 × 2 pixel blocks and the second technique operates on 3 × 3 pixel blocks. For each block, the average pixel value difference, d, is calculated. If d value is greater than 15, the block is in an edge area, so a combination of LSB substitution and PVD is applied. If d value is less than or equal to 15, the block is in a smooth area, so a combination of LSB substitution and EMD is applied. Each of these two techniques exists in two variants (Type 1 and Type 2) with respect to two different range tables. The hiding capacities and PSNR of both the techniques are found to be improved. The results from exper...
Digital Image Steganography Using Eight-Directional PVD against RS Analysis and PDH Analysis
Advances in Multimedia
The least significant bit (LSB) substitution techniques are detected by RS analysis and the traditional pixel value differencing (PVD) approaches are detected by pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis. The PVD steganography can escape from PDH analysis by using the edges in multiple directions. This paper proposes a steganography technique by exploiting the edges in eight directions and also using LSB substitution to resist from both RS analysis and PDH analysis. For every 3×3 pixel block the central pixel is embedded with 3 or 4 bits of data by modified LSB substitution technique. Then this new value of the central pixel is utilized to calculate eight difference values with eight neighboring pixels. These eight difference values are used to hide the data. There are two types with regard to two different range tables. Type 1 uses 3 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 1. Type 2 uses 4 bit modified LSB substitution and range table 2. Type 1 and type 2 are also known as va...
PVD Blend with Pixel Indicator - OPAP Composite for High Fidelity Steganography
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2010
The defense researchers have started concentrating on the infowars, which now has become a new plausible area of interest in the electronic epoch. Valuable secret information could be sabotaged, manipulated or even sold thereby, posing a threat to the very essence of confidentiality. Steganography has been playing a remarkable role in prevention of info-sabotage by adopting a principle of undetectable secret sharing. This technique camouflages the secret data into an unsuspecting image, thereby protecting the very existence of it. The security can be enhanced by cleverly embedding the data, taking care not to affect the quality of the image, along with a random choice of ‗plane of embedding', in case of a colour image. The MSE can be decreased by using Optimal Pixel Adjustment Process, thereby making the secret information more secure and conceited. In this paper the Optimum Pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP) coupled with Pixel Indicator (PI) technique and Pixel value differencing (PVD) in the colour image, is proposed for enhanced stego-image quality and fortified security. The colour cover image, split into three layers namely Red, Blue and Green, act as an embedding platform by adapting Raster scan. While embedding, PI technique, followed by PVD is used to decide the number of bits embedded in a target pixel and finally OPAP technique is employed to enhance the image quality. In order to prove the efficiency of the proposed composite stego, Mean square error (MSE),and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the stego image have been reported.
A Comparative Analysis of LSB, MSB and PVD Based Image Steganography
https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR\_Vol.8\_Issue.9\_Sep2021/IJRR-Abstract048.html, 2021
Steganography is the art and science of hiding information by embedding data into cover media. Numerous techniques are designed to provide the security for the communication of data over the Internet. A good steganographic algorithm is recognized by the performance of the techniques measured with the support of the performance metrics among which are PSNR, MSE, SSIM, robustness and capacity to hide the information in the cover image. In this paper a comparative analysis of Least Significant Bit (LSB), Most Significant Bit (MSB) and Pixel Value Differencing (PVD) image steganography in grayscale and colored images was performed. Three different cover images were used to hide secret message. A comparative performance analysis of LSB, MSB and PVD methods used in image steganography was performed using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), Mean square error (MSE) and Structural Similarity index (SSIM) as performance metrics. LSB technique gives higher PSNR and SSIM values than MSB and PVD method with lower MSE than the other two techniques. Future research can be geared towards investigating the embedding capacity, security, and computational complexity of each technique.
A Review on LSB Substitution and PVD Based Image Steganography Techniques
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016
There has been a tremendous growth in Information and Communication technologies during the last decade. Internet has become the dominant media for data communication. But the secrecy of the data is to be taken care. Steganography is a technique for achieving secrecy for the data communicated in Internet. This paper presents a review of the steganography techniques based on least significant bit (LSB) substitution and pixel value differencing (PVD). The various techniques proposed in the literature are discussed and possible comparison is done along with their respective merits. The comparison parameters considered are, (i) hiding capacity, (ii) distortion measure, (iii) security, and (iv) computational complexity.
International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 2015
Most of the steganography techniques, based on pixel value difference, use the difference between the pixel values to hide the information. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed which combines the LSB and PVD steganography techniques to provide high data hiding capacity with acceptable stego image quality. Instead of using the original difference to hide the information, the difference is revised before it is used for hiding the information. This introduces an additional layer of security for the secret information. The algorithm divides the cover image in the blocks of 2 3 pixels. One of the pixels in the block is used as common pixel, which forms five pixel pairs with remaining five pixels in the block. The algorithm hides three secret bits in the common pixel using the LSB substitution method and then use the PVD based approach to hide data in five pixel pairs in each block. The algorithm determines the average (N) of the number of bits that can be hidden in the block. If the difference value allows M-bits to be hidden in the pair, then bits ≤ N are hidden in that pair. The result shows that the algorithm provides higher hiding capacity with better PSNR values as compared to other methods investigated in this study.
An efficient data hiding method based on adaptive directional pixel value differencing (ADPVD)
Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2017
Steganography is an important secret information communication technology in which one may send messages without others having knowledge of their existence. This paper proposes a new adaptive steganography method for color images using adaptive directional pixel-value differencing (ADPVD). The proposed method increases the capacity of the hidden secret data and improves the security of the stego-color image as well. The hiding capacity of the original PVD method is investigated by considering three directional edges: horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions using color cover image. The cover image is partitioned into 2-pixel blocks in a non-overlapping fashion and scanned in raster-scan order in all three directions. The proposed method adaptively selects the appropriate embedding directions for each color channel according to the largest embedding capacity. The security is improved since different pixel directions are employed adaptively to embed different number of message bits in each color channel. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides both larger embedding capacity and better visual quality of the stego color image compared with other PVD-based algorithms.
HIGH CAPACITY DATA HIDING USING SEMI-HEXAGONAL PIXELS VALUE DIFFERENCE
Citeseer
This paper proposes a novel data hiding scheme that employs human visual sensitivity (HVS) to hide a large amount of secret bits into a still image with a high imperceptibility. In this method, the cover image is divided into sub-blocks of semihexagonal shape. The embedding technique is based on pixel value difference (PVD) approach. The semi-hexagonal (SH-PVD) technique enjoys better objective and subjective qualities over the standard PVD methods.