The Relationship between the Developmental Assets Profile and Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent Offenders (original) (raw)
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The characterization of depressive disorders in serious juvenile offenders
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1984
The authors systematically evaluated a selected population of juvenile offenders for the prevalence of affective disorders. Seventy-one (40 male, 31 female) serious juvenile offenders were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS). They were then diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and the DSM-III. The Hamilton Rating Scales (HRS), Carroll Self-Rating Scale (CSRS), and Global Rating Scale for Depression (GRS) were also obtained for each subject. Eleven (15%) subjects were diagnosed as having an active major depressive disorder (MDDa), 6 (8%) subjects were diagnosed as having a major depressive disorder in remission (MDDr), and 9 (13%) as having a minor depressive disorder (mDD). The HRS, CSRS, and GRS differentiated the MDDa from the other three groups including MDDr, mDD and all other psychiatric diagnoses. RDC subtypes of depressive disorders were identified in those juvenile offenders with active major depressive disorders (MDDa) and compared to a population of hospitalized adolescents with major depressive disorders. There were significant differences in the distribution of the subtypes identified. Secondary, gitated and endogenous subtypes occurred significantly more often. The diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance of these findings are discussed.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2016
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and psychiatric disorders are common in juvenile detainees. Emotional dysregulation resulting from cumulated ACEs may be characterized by symptoms of irritability. The present study examined whether the accumulation of ACEs, irritability, or both predicted mental disorders in incarcerated adolescents with and without controlling for one another and for socio-demographic factors. METHODS One hundred thirty male detained juvenile offenders (aged 13.8-19.5 years) were assessed by structured clinical interviews and a self-reporting scale for irritability. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to examine the shared and distinct associations of ACEs and irritability with psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS A total of 75 % of the participants reported more than one ACE. The ACE total score was positively related to self-reported irritability. The ACE total score predicted depressive disorders, suicidality, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. Irritability was positively related to depressive disorders, suicidality, disruptive behavior disorder (DBD), substance use disorder (SUD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These associations remained significant in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the predictive impact of self-reported ACEs and irritability with regard to adolescent psychiatric disorders in young male inmates. Both variables differed in their predictive power for PTSD, internalizing, and externalizing disorders indicating the need for specific therapeutic interventions. Taking a close look at their trauma history seems to be of special importance for juveniles suffering from PTSD and anxiety disorders. For delinquent adolescents with DBD, ADHD and SUD, the training of emotion regulation techniques appears most promising. Approaches focusing on both, ACEs and emotion-focused contents may be implemented in the treatment of depressive disorders and suicidality.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2013
Background: High rates of mental disorders have been found in detained juvenile offenders, whereas the role of psychopathology in non-detained offenders is less clear. Therefore, the present study compared psychopathology in male non-detained delinquent juveniles and two matched samples from the community and an adolescent psychiatric clinic. Methods: 125 male adolescents aged 11 to 19 years (m = 16.2 years, SD = 1.5 years) from an outpatient adolescent forensic clinic were compared to a community sample from the Zurich Adolescent Psychology and Psychopathology Study (ZAPPS) and a referred sample from a psychiatric clinic matched for age and nationality. All subjects responded to questionnaires measuring internalizing and externalizing problems, depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Results: The sample of non-detained juvenile offenders showed similar rates of self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems when compared to the community sample, whereas the clinic sample displayed an increased rate of various disturbances. Similar results were found also for self-esteem. In agreement with these findings, non-detained juvenile offenders less frequently had a psychiatric diagnosis after full clinical assessment when compared to the clinical sample. However, a diagnosis of conduct disorders and a lower IQ range was found more frequently in non-detained juvenile offenders. Offenders with serious delinquent acts and involving weapons showed higher depression scores than the rest of the offenders. Conclusion: In non-detained assessment situations before court examination, juvenile offenders present rather normal behaviour. Their lack of awareness of potential behavioural problems should be considered during assessment and treatment of this group of offenders.
Individual differences in young offender emotional behaviour
Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2009
Purpose. Recent research into adolescent emotional behaviour has confirmed a three-factor structure for emotional style in samples of children and adolescents, ranging in age from nine to nineteen years (Clarbour & Roger, 2004). This study was aimed at replicating the factor structure for the Emotional Behaviour Scale (EBS) amongst young offenders, and investigating the role of the factors in offender behaviour. Method. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare the responses of 307 male young ...
Profiles of adolescent offenders
The Adolescent Problem Inventory (API) is a measure of social problem-solving that reliably distinguishes delinquent and non-delinquent young men. The current study examined the utility of the API specifically with a sample of 520 serious, incarcerated, young male offenders. The API, previously modified for use in the UK, showed good psychometric properties, including internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The similarity of scores for this sample compared to the original American sample (Freedman, suggests that the modified API is suitable for use with male UK delinquents. A factor analysis revealed four factors within the API, suggesting sub-types of situation that pose different demands. While not differing significantly on their overall patterns of scores on the full API, a discriminate function analysis indicated two factors that predicted acquisitive and aggressive offender groups. The implications of the findings for the conduct of interventions are discussed.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Recidivism in Young Offenders
Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 2014
Several studies report that incarcerated young offenders show a high rate of psychiatric disorders whereas associations between specifi c psychiatric disorders and recidivism remain unknown. The Brazilian legal system has created a unique opportunity for the study of this issue when consider young offenders not that guilty in spite of the severity of the crime, settling in three years the maximum period of incarceration. This study aims to determine the rate of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of incarcerated young offenders and evaluate the possible psychiatric connections of primary offenders and recidivism. A group of 898 incarcerated young offenders at Fundação Casa answered psychiatric interviews and was diagnosed according to the criteria of ICD-10. Statistic connections were analyzed using the tests of Pearson and Cramer. The cohort was comprised of 619 primaries and 267 recidivists. 'Psychoactive Substance Use' and 'Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior' categories were related to recidivism, whereas 'Organic Mental Disorders', 'Mood Disorders', and 'Stress-related Disorders' were related to primary offenders. Discriminating disorders were the most likely to represent reactions to primary incarceration. In relation to associations that might represent predictors of crime, it became highly suggestive that substance abuse is the main cause of incarceration for the entire cohort.
Misdiagnosing the problem: mental health profiles of incarcerated juveniles
The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review = La revue canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 2005
Aggression, antisocial and delinquent behavior frequently result in the incarceration of a large number of young people, but these problems pale in comparison to the mental health challenges faced by many of these youth. Recent studies show a high prevalence of mental disorders among adolescents within the justice system. These findings have led researchers, clinicians and policy-makers to re-evaluate the assessment and treatment options that are available for youth within correctional facilities. This article provides a concise review of the most recent research related to mental health disorders among incarcerated juveniles within Canada and the United States. Rates of some of the most common mental health disorders among juveniles, including depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity and substance use are summarized. Throughout the review, issues related to co-morbidity and gender differences are highlighted. The implications of mental health disorders for juvenile just...