Frequency Restoration Reserves: Provision and activation using a multi-agent demand control system (original) (raw)
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Impact of Frequency Control Reserve Provision by Storage Systems on Power System Operation
Batteries can be used to provide ancillary services, such as primary frequency response. However, their energy capacity is limited. Therefore, set-point adjustments are necessary and the energy for this has still to be provided by power-plants that do not face energy constraints. This paper investigates various aspects of and potential benefits for power system operation and stability, if energy-constraint units are allowed to participate in the ancillary service markets.
Demand as frequency controlled reserve: implementation and practical demonstration
2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, 2011
This report is based on the main result of articles and papers written during the EUDP founded project: Demand as Frequency-controlled Reserve (DFR or DFCR). The project was started in April 2008, and was ended by December 2012. During the project period, many exciting challenges have been met with great enthusiasm from all DFR project members who have shown a memorable dedication to their work. Active control of electricity demand is a key technology when creating a more dynamic, wind power friendly energy system. In this demonstration project, we have developed and tested devices, which use electric loads to provide frequency controlled primary reserves. The devices collected data from domestic households and industrial loads covering i.e. circulation pumps, electrical domestic heating, bottle coolers, a wastewater treatment plant etc., that have been analysed and used for the papers and articles included in this report. A very special thanks to all the partners in the project, EUDP and the patient and understanding trial participants.
Primary and Secondary Frequency Support by a Multi-Agent Demand Control System
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2014
Decentralized demand control can help to ensure the balance between electricity demand and supply. In this paper, a multi-agent demand control system is proposed where residential demand is controlled to provide spinning reserves. With the proposed control framework, an aggregator of dynamic demand is able to control the consumption and the response on frequency changes of a cluster of loads. The primary frequency support by the cluster of loads can emulate the primary control of a conventional generator. The total customer welfare remains maximal during the frequency support by applying utility functions for each device.
A new frequency control reserve framework based on energy-constrained units
2014 Power Systems Computation Conference, 2014
Frequency control reserves are an essential ancillary service in any electric power system, guaranteeing that generation and demand of active power are balanced at all times. Traditionally, conventional power plants are used for frequency reserves. There are economical and technical benefits of instead using energy constrained units such as storage systems and demand response, but so far they have not been widely adopted as their energy constraints prevent them from following traditional regulation signals, which sometimes are biased over long time-spans. This paper proposes a frequency control framework that splits the control signals according to the frequency spectrum. This guarantees that all control signals are zero-mean over well-defined time-periods, which is a crucial requirement for the usage of energy-constraint units such as batteries. A case-study presents a possible implementation, and shows how different technologies with widely varying characteristics can all participate in frequency control reserve provision, while guaranteeing that their respective energy constraints are always fulfilled.
Robust Allocation of Reserve Policies for a Multiple-Cell Based Power System
Energies, 2018
This paper applies a robust optimization technique for coordinating reserve allocations in multiple-cell based power systems. The linear decision rules (LDR)-based policies were implemented to achieve the reserve robustness, and consist of a nominal power schedule with a series of linear modifications. The LDR method can effectively adapt the participation factors of reserve providers to respond to system imbalance signals. The policies considered the covariance of historic system imbalance signals to reduce the overall reserve cost. When applying this method to the cell-based power system for a certain horizon, the influence of different time resolutions on policy-making is also investigated, which presents guidance for its practical application. The main results illustrate that: (a) the LDR-based method shows better performance, by producing smaller reserve costs compared to the costs given by a reference method; and (b) the cost index decreases with increased time intervals, however, longer intervals might result in insufficient reserves, due to low time resolution. On the other hand, shorter time intervals require heavy computational time. Thus, it is important to choose a proper time interval in real time operation to make a trade off.
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 2019
Determining the optimal reserve in power systems is closely related to uncertainties in power generation and risks of outage of supply to consumers. Distributed generation sources such as wind farms are usual reasons for uncertainties in MW production. This uncertainty can be alleviated by providing enough reserve in which demand response (DR) programs can play role of resources for reserve. In an electricity market structure, the mentioned points are usually handled by Independent System Operator (ISO) in energy and reserve markets. This paper deals with the problem of reliability-based reserve management. In the mentioned problem, the DR program in the form of interruptible loads is also considered. A new method is proposed in which ISO settle energy and reserve markets simultaneously while employing the DR in the first stage. In addition, consumers’ requirements of reliability are included by assuming that they have possibility to offer their desired levels of reliability to the ...
Demand as Frequency Controlled Reserve
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2000
Relying on generation side alone is deemed insufficient to fulfill the system balancing needs for future Danish power system, where a 50% wind penetration is outlined by the government for year 2025. This paper investigates use of the electricity demand as frequency controlled reserve (DFR), which has a high potential and can provide many advantages. Firstly, the background of the research is reviewed, including conventional power system reserves and the demand side potentials. Subsequently, the control logics and corresponding design considerations for the DFR technology have been developed and analyzed, based on which simulation models have been built using the DIgSILENT Power Factory. The simulation studies of different scenarios confirm that the DFR can provide reliable performance of frequency control. Furthermore, relevant issues regarding implementing DFR in reality have been discussed.
1A New Frequency Control Reserve Framework based on Energy-Constrained Units
2016
borsche | ulbig | andersson @ eeh.ee.ethz.ch Frequency control reserves are an essential ancillary service in any electric power system, guaranteeing that generation and demand of active power are balanced at all times. Traditionally, conventional power plants are used for frequency reserves. There are economical and technical benefits of instead using energy constrained units such as storage systems and demand response, but so far they have not been widely adopted as their energy constraints prevent them from following traditional regulation signals, which sometimes are biased over long time-spans. This paper proposes a frequency control framework that splits the control signals according to the frequency spectrum. This guarantees that all control signals are zero-mean over well-defined time-periods, which is a crucial requirement for the usage of energy-constraint units such as batteries. A case-study presents a possible implementation, and shows how different technologies with wi...
Toward coordinated robust allocation of reserve policies for a cell-based power system
2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), 2016
Conventional regulation reserves have fixed participation factors and are thus not well suited to utilize differentiated capabilities of ancillary service providers. This study applies linear decision rules-based (LDR) control policies, which effectively adapt the present participation factor in dependence of the imbalance signal of previous time steps. The LDR-policies are centrally computed using a robust optimization approach which takes into account both the covariances of historic imbalance signals and the operational flexibility of ancillary service providers. The concept is then extended to the cooperation of multiple cells. Two illustrating examples are presented to show the functioning of the proposed LDR method. Index Terms-Linear decision rules, Energy constrained resources, System balancing.