Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer (original) (raw)

The inflammatory inception of gallbladder cancer

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta - Reviews On Cancer, 2016

Gallbladder cancer is a lethal disease with notable geographical variations worldwide and a predilection towards women. Its main risk factor is prolonged exposure to gallstones, although bacterial infections and other inflammatory conditions are also associated. The recurrent cycles of gallbladder epithelium damage and repair enable a chronic inflammatory environment that promotes progressive morphological impairment through a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma, along with cumulative genome instability. Inactivation of TP53, which is mutated in over 50% of GBC cases, seems to be the earliest and one of the most important carcinogenic pathways involved. Increased cell turnover and oxidative stress promote early alteration of TP53, cell cycle deregulation, apoptosis and replicative senescence. In this review, we will discuss evidence for the role of inflammation in gallbladder carcinogenesis obtained through epidemiological studies, genome-wide association studies, experimental carcinogenesis, morphogenetic studies and comparative studies with other inflammation-driven malignancies. The evidence strongly supports chronic, unresolved inflammation as the main carcinogenic mechanism of gallbladder cancer, *

What Causes Cancer Gallbladder?: A Review

HPB Surgery, 1999

Gallbladder cancer is a common malignancy of the biliary tract. It is the fifth common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract in United States [1] and third in Northern India [2]. Despite such high prevalence, there is scanty published literature about this disease in indexed journals. Therefore, this article is intended to provide a brief overview of gallbladder cancer risk factors, based mainly on published evidence from analytical epidemiology and recent research findings of biologists and practising oncologists. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to establish an association between different causative factors and the occurrence of the disease.

Pathobiology of Gallbladder Cancer

2012

Carcinoma of the gallbladder (GBC) is the most common malignant tumour of the biliary tract. Gallbladder cancer demonstrates considerable geographic and gender variation in incidence varying greatly in different parts of the world. While it is more frequent in northern and eastern India, Japan, Chile, China, Eastern Europe and South America, its prevalence is relatively low in many western countries. It affects women two to six times more frequently than men. The incidence of GBC increases steadily with increase in age. Carcinoma of gall bladder is the fifth most mortality causing cancer and its cases are alarmingly increasing in southeast Asia. It is one of the obesity associated cancers and positively correlates with prolonged cholelithiasis (gallstone) and cholecystitis. Other risk factors include gallbladder polyps, anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction, chemical carcinogens, and chronic infections. Despite being first described more than two centuries ago in 1777, there has been little progress in its early diagnostics, prognosis and effective treatment. Non-random genomic alterations, gene mutations and epigenetic modifications have been reported in a few studies. Here we have reviewed our current understanding of the epidemiology, aetiology and genetic and epigenetic alterations in GBC.

Infection as a risk factor for gallbladder cancer

Journal of Surgical Oncology, 2006

Gallbladder cancer is a common hepato-biliary malignancy with poor prognosis. The main associated risk factors identified so far include cholelithiasis (especially mixed gall stone), chronic infections of the gall bladder, obesity, reproductive factors, diet, hepato-biliary anamolies, and environmental exposure to specific chemicals. Genetic and molecular predisposing factors have also been described. This article reviews the association of chronic infection and gall bladder cancer. Most of the studies have shown a good association of mixed bacterial and Salmonella infections in the carcinogenesis of cancer gall bladder especially in the area of high endemicity of typhoid. Bacterial degradation of bile and chronic inflammation may also play some role in the carcinogenic process. Mutations in multiple tumor suppressor gene and oncogenes (P53 and K-ras) have also been found in a few studies. This review seeks to bring out many hidden infective etiological aspects of the pathogenesis of gall bladder cancer. Review of the entire published literature suggests a need for further studies for better understanding of the disease.

Risk factors for gallbladder cancer

Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 2020

Introduction and purpose: Gallbladder cancer is the most common neoplasm of the bile duct. Early GBC is usually asymptomatic, but is prone to early metastases. This means that most GBC cases are diagnosed very late, and this contributes to the poor prognosis of this disease. Less than 20% of GBC cases qualify for a potentially curable surgical resection at the moment of diagnosis. The article is an overview of available literature describing current epidemiology and etiological risk factors associated with the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC). We performed a review of the articles on the etiology and GBC carcinomatosis.Brief description of the state of knowledge: We divided risk factors of GBC into independent and dependent. The independent risk factors are: age, sex, cholelithiasis, porcelain gallbladder, gallbladder polyp, anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system, high BMI and obesity, and Helicobacter pylori. On the other hand, the...

Epidemiology and Molecular Pathology of Gallbladder Cancer

Ca-a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2001

Gallbladder cancer is usually associated with gallstone disease, late diagnosis, unsatisfactory treatment, and poor prognosis. We report here the worldwide geographical distribution of gallbladder cancer, review the main etiologic hypotheses, and provide some comments on perspectives for prevention. The highest incidence rate of gallbladder cancer is found among populations of the Andean area, North American Indians, and Mexican

Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer

Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 2019

According to GLOBOCAN 2018 data, gallbladder cancer (GBC) accounts for 1.2% of all global cancer diagnoses, but 1.7% of all cancer deaths. Only 1 in 5 GBC cases in the United States is diagnosed at an early stage, and median survival for advanced stage cancer is no more than about a year. The incidence of the disease is increasing in the developed world. Gallstones, biliary cysts, carcinogen exposure, typhoid, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junctions are all risk factors, many of which account for its geographical, ethnic and sex distribution. Genetics also plays a strong role, as about a quarter of GBC cases are considered familial, and certain ethnicities, such as Native Americans, are at far higher risk for the neoplasm. Prevention includes weight loss, vaccination against and treatment of bacterial infections, early detection and elimination of polyps and cysts, and avoidance of oral estrogen replacement therapy.

Role of demographic and dietary factors in predicting Gall Bladder Carcinoma

International journal of health sciences

Introduction: Carcinoma of the gallbladder (GBC), is the most common cancer of the biliary tree. It is also one of the most highly malignant tumours. The aetiology of the carcinoma gall bladder is poorly understood. Chronic cholecystitis and gallstones, choledochal cysts, female gender, old age and exposure to carcinogens are some of the factors implicated in the causation of gall bladder cancer. The current changes in lifestyles of individuals about indulgence in unhealthy fat-rich food, lack of exercise, obesity, sedentary lifestyles and the high incidence of gall bladder carcinoma in Bihar, focused our attention on gall bladder carcinoma and its etiological factors. Methodology: An analytical case-control study was conducted to study the various etiological factors causing carcinoma of the gall bladder in patients of various regions of Bihar coming to PMCH Patna. A total of 101 cases of gall bladder carcinoma and a total of 101 patients without any gall bladder disease in the con...