Overview of existing river basins in Uzbekistan and the selection of pilot basins. [Project Report of the Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Rural Areas in Uzbekistan. Component 1: National policy framework for water governance and integrated water resources management and supply part] (original) (raw)

Abstract

Sarvarbek Eltazarov is a Consultant on GIS and Remote Sensing technologies at the Central Asian Office of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Mukhtabar Tashmatova is a Consultant (Capacity Building and Organizational Aspects) at the Central Asian Office of IWMI) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Key takeaways

sparkles

AI

  1. Uzbekistan's population may reach 34.2 million by 2025, increasing agricultural water demand.
  2. Pilot river basins selected include Shakhimardansai and Aksu River for Integrated Water Resource Management.
  3. Agriculture consumes over 92% of Uzbekistan's water resources, highlighting inefficiencies.
  4. Water delivery losses range from 14% to 30% across provinces, necessitating reforms.
  5. IWRM principles aim to involve diverse stakeholders in water governance and management.

Figures (102)

FIGURE 3. Dynamics of city and rural population Districts with the highest population density areas are Andijan, Asaka and Oltynkul, with more than 1,000 inhabitants per square kilometer. The latest tendency of population dynamics is given in Figure 3 for the period 2012-2015. Irrigated agriculture is among the main economic activities in the Andijan Province. The average age of population in the province is 28.2 years. Proportion of male and female citizens is almost similar with a small excess of males (Figure 4). In 2015, about 47.5% of the inhabitants lived in rural areas, decreasing to 46.8% in 2011, which shows a marginal increase of rural population of the province during this period. The irrigated areas equal 2,737 thousand hectares, which is 65% of the total area. The size of the irrigated areas in the province has not significantly changed between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation are the rivers Naryn, Karadarya and Akbura as well as small rivers (locally called “sai”) such as Aravansai, Tentaksai, Maylisai, which are transboundary by nature and also internal/national small rivers: Shakhrikhonsai, Savai and Andijansai originated within the territory of Uzbekistan. The province is located in the territory of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA and consists of five ISAs: Andijansai ISA, Karadarya-Maylisai ISA, Savai-Akburasai ISA, Ulugnor-Mazgilsai ISA and Shahrihonsai ISA.

FIGURE 3. Dynamics of city and rural population Districts with the highest population density areas are Andijan, Asaka and Oltynkul, with more than 1,000 inhabitants per square kilometer. The latest tendency of population dynamics is given in Figure 3 for the period 2012-2015. Irrigated agriculture is among the main economic activities in the Andijan Province. The average age of population in the province is 28.2 years. Proportion of male and female citizens is almost similar with a small excess of males (Figure 4). In 2015, about 47.5% of the inhabitants lived in rural areas, decreasing to 46.8% in 2011, which shows a marginal increase of rural population of the province during this period. The irrigated areas equal 2,737 thousand hectares, which is 65% of the total area. The size of the irrigated areas in the province has not significantly changed between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation are the rivers Naryn, Karadarya and Akbura as well as small rivers (locally called “sai”) such as Aravansai, Tentaksai, Maylisai, which are transboundary by nature and also internal/national small rivers: Shakhrikhonsai, Savai and Andijansai originated within the territory of Uzbekistan. The province is located in the territory of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA and consists of five ISAs: Andijansai ISA, Karadarya-Maylisai ISA, Savai-Akburasai ISA, Ulugnor-Mazgilsai ISA and Shahrihonsai ISA.

Due to the aridity of the climate, the agricultural areas have been irrigated by the canals. Almost half portion of the province area (52%) is located under the Andijansai and Ulugnor-Mazgilsai ISAs. It is worth mentioning that according to the State Decree, the economy of the Asaka District has been shifted to specialization of FIGURE 4. Population density and gender by districts in Andijan Province.

Due to the aridity of the climate, the agricultural areas have been irrigated by the canals. Almost half portion of the province area (52%) is located under the Andijansai and Ulugnor-Mazgilsai ISAs. It is worth mentioning that according to the State Decree, the economy of the Asaka District has been shifted to specialization of FIGURE 4. Population density and gender by districts in Andijan Province.

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 1. Main climate indicators of Andijan Province (long-term annual average data).

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 1. Main climate indicators of Andijan Province (long-term annual average data).

This forecast (Figure 5) on the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that Andijan Province will face a steady growth of population and accordingly a higher demand for water. While the population of the province is projected to reach 586 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the demand for water is anticipated to be more than 1,324 million m°. The population growth was estimated using the existing information of the State Committee on Statistics for the period of 1995 to 2015. Total water use projections for 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 (1.2 m® per capita). In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 3,575.3 million.m°. As illustrated in Figure 5, population growth directly influences an increase of total water use, which shows the need for an increased need for rational and effective water use. FIGURE 5. Forecast of population growth and total water use in Andijan province for 1995-2030.

This forecast (Figure 5) on the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that Andijan Province will face a steady growth of population and accordingly a higher demand for water. While the population of the province is projected to reach 586 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the demand for water is anticipated to be more than 1,324 million m°. The population growth was estimated using the existing information of the State Committee on Statistics for the period of 1995 to 2015. Total water use projections for 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 (1.2 m® per capita). In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 3,575.3 million.m°. As illustrated in Figure 5, population growth directly influences an increase of total water use, which shows the need for an increased need for rational and effective water use. FIGURE 5. Forecast of population growth and total water use in Andijan province for 1995-2030.

It should be noted that mountain-hill zones generally occupy the territories of the Andijan, Shakhrikhon and Savai-Akbura ISAs, and flat zones are under the Karadarya-Maylisai and Ulugnor Mazgilsai ISAs (Figure 6). FIGURE 6. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Andijan Province.

It should be noted that mountain-hill zones generally occupy the territories of the Andijan, Shakhrikhon and Savai-Akbura ISAs, and flat zones are under the Karadarya-Maylisai and Ulugnor Mazgilsai ISAs (Figure 6). FIGURE 6. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Andijan Province.

FIGURE 7. Map of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA command area. The Naryn, Karadarya, Akbura, Aravansai, Maylisay and Tentaksai rivers receive the highest annual runoff during the period from July to September (40-60% of annual runoff). More detailed information about the irrigation-drainage networks of the Naryn-Qaradarya BISA is given in Figure 8. During this time, the rivers are fed mainly from snow runoff and glaciers melting. From March to June, these rivers receive a minimum flow ranging between 20-30% from annual runoff, but not more than 40%. A detailed information about the rivers of the Andijan Province is given in Table 2. Ta ee mr 5 Pe es en a | ee a, es es as | a The main sources of irrigation in the province are the rivers Karadarya (snow-fed), Naryn (glacier anc snow-fed) and Akbura and Aravansai (glacier fed), and Maylisai and Tentaksai (snow-fed), as well as the so- called sais Shakhrikhonsai, Savai and Andijansai, which are generated in the territory of Uzbekistan (Figure 7). Spring water and water from 69 irrigation wells, 469 vertical drainage wells and collectors are also used fo! irrigation. Mineralization of irrigation water is 0.3-0.5 g/l, irrigation wells 0.2-0.3 g/l, vertical drainage 0.7-0.8 g/ and Collector Drainage System (CDS) 1.5-1.7 g/l. Map of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA command area is showr in Figure 7.

FIGURE 7. Map of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA command area. The Naryn, Karadarya, Akbura, Aravansai, Maylisay and Tentaksai rivers receive the highest annual runoff during the period from July to September (40-60% of annual runoff). More detailed information about the irrigation-drainage networks of the Naryn-Qaradarya BISA is given in Figure 8. During this time, the rivers are fed mainly from snow runoff and glaciers melting. From March to June, these rivers receive a minimum flow ranging between 20-30% from annual runoff, but not more than 40%. A detailed information about the rivers of the Andijan Province is given in Table 2. Ta ee mr 5 Pe es en a | ee a, es es as | a The main sources of irrigation in the province are the rivers Karadarya (snow-fed), Naryn (glacier anc snow-fed) and Akbura and Aravansai (glacier fed), and Maylisai and Tentaksai (snow-fed), as well as the so- called sais Shakhrikhonsai, Savai and Andijansai, which are generated in the territory of Uzbekistan (Figure 7). Spring water and water from 69 irrigation wells, 469 vertical drainage wells and collectors are also used fo! irrigation. Mineralization of irrigation water is 0.3-0.5 g/l, irrigation wells 0.2-0.3 g/l, vertical drainage 0.7-0.8 g/ and Collector Drainage System (CDS) 1.5-1.7 g/l. Map of the Naryn-Karadarya BISA command area is showr in Figure 7.

TABLE 2. Key indicators of the Andijan Province rivers.

TABLE 2. Key indicators of the Andijan Province rivers.

FIGURE 9. Distribution of average depths of GWL during crop growth season in Andijan province. An increasing groundwater salinity during the growing season is observed in the province. Areas wit groundwater mineralization (GWM) of 0-1 g/l decreased from 48.7 to 41.9% for the period from 2013 to 2015 During this period, the areas with GWM of 1-3 g/l increased from 43.4 to 52.5%, and the areas with GV mineralization of 3-5 g/l - from 1 to 8.9%. There were areas with GWM of more than 5 g/I (Figure 10).

FIGURE 9. Distribution of average depths of GWL during crop growth season in Andijan province. An increasing groundwater salinity during the growing season is observed in the province. Areas wit groundwater mineralization (GWM) of 0-1 g/l decreased from 48.7 to 41.9% for the period from 2013 to 2015 During this period, the areas with GWM of 1-3 g/l increased from 43.4 to 52.5%, and the areas with GV mineralization of 3-5 g/l - from 1 to 8.9%. There were areas with GWM of more than 5 g/I (Figure 10).

FIGURE 10. Distribution of the areas with GWM during crop growth season in Andijan Province. In recent years, there was almost no change observed in the dynamics of soil salinity in the province; the areas under non-saline soils remain relatively constant at 91% (Figure 11).

FIGURE 10. Distribution of the areas with GWM during crop growth season in Andijan Province. In recent years, there was almost no change observed in the dynamics of soil salinity in the province; the areas under non-saline soils remain relatively constant at 91% (Figure 11).

FIGURE 12. The structure of the irrigated areas, %. Use of the land resources. The land area of the province is 430,3 thousand ha, out of which 273,7 thousand h are irrigated (Source: The Statea Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Land Resources, Geodesy, Cartography and State Cadastre). The structure of the irrigated land use is shown in Figure 12.

FIGURE 12. The structure of the irrigated areas, %. Use of the land resources. The land area of the province is 430,3 thousand ha, out of which 273,7 thousand h are irrigated (Source: The Statea Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Land Resources, Geodesy, Cartography and State Cadastre). The structure of the irrigated land use is shown in Figure 12.

2.1.5 The Use of Water and Land Resources FIGURE 11. Distribution of irrigated areas by soil salinity in Andijan Province.

2.1.5 The Use of Water and Land Resources FIGURE 11. Distribution of irrigated areas by soil salinity in Andijan Province.

FIGURE 14. Water use by industry (%). I A a Co State unitary enterprise (SUE) "Andijansuvokova" provides the population with water for drinking and household needs. Water intake for this purpose is carried out from both underground and surface sources. Water use. The principal water consumers are irrigation (86.6%), agriculture (7.9%) and domestic utilities (4.2%). The small volume of water is used by industry and fisheries (Figure 14).

FIGURE 14. Water use by industry (%). I A a Co State unitary enterprise (SUE) "Andijansuvokova" provides the population with water for drinking and household needs. Water intake for this purpose is carried out from both underground and surface sources. Water use. The principal water consumers are irrigation (86.6%), agriculture (7.9%) and domestic utilities (4.2%). The small volume of water is used by industry and fisheries (Figure 14).

FIGURE 15. Water intake structure (%). The institutional structure of the water management in the province is given in Figure 16.

FIGURE 15. Water intake structure (%). The institutional structure of the water management in the province is given in Figure 16.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. FIGURE 17. Dynamics of city and rural population

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. FIGURE 17. Dynamics of city and rural population

A forecast (Figure 19) on the population growth and total water use projections was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that the Fergana Region will experience a substantial population growth and accordingly increased water demand in order to satisfy the needs based on past and current tendencies. While the population of the Fergana Province is projected to increase by 763,8 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water needed is anticipated more than 1,216.6 million .m°. The existing information obtained from the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) has been used as an input data for the population growth calculations. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015, which equals 1,08 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 3,726.1 million m®. As illustrated in Figure 19, the population FIGURE 18. Population density and gender by districts in the Fergana Province.

A forecast (Figure 19) on the population growth and total water use projections was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that the Fergana Region will experience a substantial population growth and accordingly increased water demand in order to satisfy the needs based on past and current tendencies. While the population of the Fergana Province is projected to increase by 763,8 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water needed is anticipated more than 1,216.6 million .m°. The existing information obtained from the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) has been used as an input data for the population growth calculations. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015, which equals 1,08 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 3,726.1 million m®. As illustrated in Figure 19, the population FIGURE 18. Population density and gender by districts in the Fergana Province.

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 4. Main climate indicators of the Fergana Province (long-term average annual data). The average relative humidity during the growing period is about 50%. Annual long-term average precipitation varies between 85-86 mm in the desert zone and up to 106 mm in the area of sierozemic- meadow soils. The major amount falls each year in January-March, slightly less in October-December. From 29 to 33% of the annual amount falls in the growing period; 60 to 75% of it falls during April and May. Potential evaporation during the growing season exceeds 9-10 times the total precipitation; therefore, the whole agricultural area in the province must be irrigated.

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 4. Main climate indicators of the Fergana Province (long-term average annual data). The average relative humidity during the growing period is about 50%. Annual long-term average precipitation varies between 85-86 mm in the desert zone and up to 106 mm in the area of sierozemic- meadow soils. The major amount falls each year in January-March, slightly less in October-December. From 29 to 33% of the annual amount falls in the growing period; 60 to 75% of it falls during April and May. Potential evaporation during the growing season exceeds 9-10 times the total precipitation; therefore, the whole agricultural area in the province must be irrigated.

The Fergana Province is characterized by a hot and dry climate with high humidity. The frost-free period, based on average long-term data, varies from 190 to 215 days and the sum of effective temperatures ranges from 2,060 to 2,620 (Table 4).

The Fergana Province is characterized by a hot and dry climate with high humidity. The frost-free period, based on average long-term data, varies from 190 to 215 days and the sum of effective temperatures ranges from 2,060 to 2,620 (Table 4).

FIGURE 20. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Fergana Province. The main sources for irrigation are mountainous rivers Isfara, Sukh, Shakhimardonsai and Isfayramsai, but the Naryn and Karadarya rivers are also used and supply water through the SFC and BFC canals. Furthermore, spring and collector waters are used for irrigation, as well as groundwater through 923 irrigation wells and 1,198 VDW. However, not the entire flow of these rivers is used in Uzbekistan: part of it is taken for irrigation in the upper reaches, on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Mineralization of water: very fresh mountain rivers contain 0.2-0.4 g/l; irrigation water contains 0.6-1.2 g/l; VDW contains 0.7-1.9 g/l; CDS contains 1.0-1.5 g/l in the seroziem belt, and 1.42-2.11 g/l in the desert

FIGURE 20. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Fergana Province. The main sources for irrigation are mountainous rivers Isfara, Sukh, Shakhimardonsai and Isfayramsai, but the Naryn and Karadarya rivers are also used and supply water through the SFC and BFC canals. Furthermore, spring and collector waters are used for irrigation, as well as groundwater through 923 irrigation wells and 1,198 VDW. However, not the entire flow of these rivers is used in Uzbekistan: part of it is taken for irrigation in the upper reaches, on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Mineralization of water: very fresh mountain rivers contain 0.2-0.4 g/l; irrigation water contains 0.6-1.2 g/l; VDW contains 0.7-1.9 g/l; CDS contains 1.0-1.5 g/l in the seroziem belt, and 1.42-2.11 g/l in the desert

These sources are interconnected with each other and form the following systems: Isfayram - Shakhimardon - SFC - Karkidon Reservoir; BFC - Sukh and BFC-Isfara. The BAC cut tails of the first two systems. The interconnection is characterized as follows: FIGURE 21. Map of the Syrdarya-Sukh BISA command area.

These sources are interconnected with each other and form the following systems: Isfayram - Shakhimardon - SFC - Karkidon Reservoir; BFC - Sukh and BFC-Isfara. The BAC cut tails of the first two systems. The interconnection is characterized as follows: FIGURE 21. Map of the Syrdarya-Sukh BISA command area.

2.2.4 Reclamation State of Irrigated Lands FIGURE 22. Scheme of irrigation system in the Fergana Province.

2.2.4 Reclamation State of Irrigated Lands FIGURE 22. Scheme of irrigation system in the Fergana Province.

FIGURE 24. Distribution of irrigated lands by soil salinity in the Fergana Province. 2.2.5 Water and Land Resources Use

FIGURE 24. Distribution of irrigated lands by soil salinity in the Fergana Province. 2.2.5 Water and Land Resources Use

In Fergana Province, cotton and winter wheat were the main crops on the irrigated lands, covering 35% and 43.80%. Crop pattern including household backyards for the year 2014 is shown in Figure 26. Due to the diversification of agricultural production over the past 5 years, the areas under cotton have decreased by 3,5 thousand ha, under orchards they have increased by 2 thousand ha, area of vegetables by 1,5 thousand ha and area of potatoes by 1,2 thousand ha (Figures 27 and 28). FIGURE 25. Irrigated land structure (%).

In Fergana Province, cotton and winter wheat were the main crops on the irrigated lands, covering 35% and 43.80%. Crop pattern including household backyards for the year 2014 is shown in Figure 26. Due to the diversification of agricultural production over the past 5 years, the areas under cotton have decreased by 3,5 thousand ha, under orchards they have increased by 2 thousand ha, area of vegetables by 1,5 thousand ha and area of potatoes by 1,2 thousand ha (Figures 27 and 28). FIGURE 25. Irrigated land structure (%).

FIGURE 27. Yields of the main agricultural crops.

FIGURE 27. Yields of the main agricultural crops.

FIGURE 28. Yields of the main agricultural crops.

FIGURE 28. Yields of the main agricultural crops.

The organizational structure of water management in the province is shown in Figure 30. FIGURE 29. Water use by the sectors of economy %).

The organizational structure of water management in the province is shown in Figure 30. FIGURE 29. Water use by the sectors of economy %).

FIGURE 31. Water intake structure (%) Some 13-15% of the water withdrawn from the source is lost in the main canals; 13-16% of the water delivered to the district borders is lost in distribution canals. Total delivery losses from the river to the WCA intake points during the growing season are up to 27% of the total withdrawal, and up to 37% in the nongrowing period.

FIGURE 31. Water intake structure (%) Some 13-15% of the water withdrawn from the source is lost in the main canals; 13-16% of the water delivered to the district borders is lost in distribution canals. Total delivery losses from the river to the WCA intake points during the growing season are up to 27% of the total withdrawal, and up to 37% in the nongrowing period.

TABLE 6. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of the Fergana Province.

TABLE 6. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of the Fergana Province.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. FIGURE 32. Dynamic of city and rural Population. General information. Namangan Province is situated within the latitudes 40.3625 -- 41.5845 anc longitudes 70.3012 -- 72.2312, and occupies an area of 7,900 km?. The province is located in the southerr part of the Fergana Valley far east of the country. The province is on the right bank of Syrdarya River and its neighbors are Kyrgyz Republic, and the Fergana and Andijan provinces of Uzbekistan. Namangan has < typical continental arid climate.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. FIGURE 32. Dynamic of city and rural Population. General information. Namangan Province is situated within the latitudes 40.3625 -- 41.5845 anc longitudes 70.3012 -- 72.2312, and occupies an area of 7,900 km?. The province is located in the southerr part of the Fergana Valley far east of the country. The province is on the right bank of Syrdarya River and its neighbors are Kyrgyz Republic, and the Fergana and Andijan provinces of Uzbekistan. Namangan has < typical continental arid climate.

FIGURE 33. Population density and gender by district in Namangan Province.

FIGURE 33. Population density and gender by district in Namangan Province.

TABLE 7. Main climate indicators of Namangan Province (long-term average annual data).

TABLE 7. Main climate indicators of Namangan Province (long-term average annual data).

The forecast (Figure 34) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that the Namangan Region will face a substantia popula on pas ion grow h and accordingly increased water demand in order to satisfy the needs of the people, basec and current tendencies. While the population of the province is projected to grow by 549,4 thousanc between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water demand is anticipated to be more than 553 thousand m°. The existing informa calcula ion of the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) has been used as an input data for the ion of the population growth. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculatec according to water use per capita in 2015, which is equal to 1,01 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 wate consumption of influences a sharp increase of the total water use, which indicates that more pressure on rational and effective water use will be induced. he region was 2,572.1 million.m*. As illustrated in the Figure 34, the population growth directly FIGURE 34. Forecast of population growth and total water use in Namangan Province for 1995-2030.

The forecast (Figure 34) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future. The forecast shows that the Namangan Region will face a substantia popula on pas ion grow h and accordingly increased water demand in order to satisfy the needs of the people, basec and current tendencies. While the population of the province is projected to grow by 549,4 thousanc between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water demand is anticipated to be more than 553 thousand m°. The existing informa calcula ion of the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) has been used as an input data for the ion of the population growth. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculatec according to water use per capita in 2015, which is equal to 1,01 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 wate consumption of influences a sharp increase of the total water use, which indicates that more pressure on rational and effective water use will be induced. he region was 2,572.1 million.m*. As illustrated in the Figure 34, the population growth directly FIGURE 34. Forecast of population growth and total water use in Namangan Province for 1995-2030.

Foothill depressions are flat, sometimes sloping plains. The surface is dissected with numerous shallow valleys and ravines. Figure 36 shows a map of the Naryn-Syrdarya BISA command area. FIGURE 35. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Namangan Province.

Foothill depressions are flat, sometimes sloping plains. The surface is dissected with numerous shallow valleys and ravines. Figure 36 shows a map of the Naryn-Syrdarya BISA command area. FIGURE 35. Digital elevation model and irrigation network for Namangan Province.

The period of maximum flow of the Naryn River is from June to July and flow in Karadarya River from April to May - June. For the remainder of the year, water supply in these irrigation sources is very limited, and during maximum water consumption of cotton and other crops (especially July and August), there is frequently a deficit of water on these systems. Instability and lack of water availability in the individual systems is regulated by the Kasansai, Jiydaliysai and fifteen other small reservoirs (Figure 37). Projected operating reserves of fresh groundwater are 38,3 m3/s: approved reserves constitute 42,7 Drainage and field wastewater are discharged by the main collectors Karakalpak, P-2, and Sariksu' CDW is discharged into the Syrdarya River and the Karakdarya and Achchikkul lakes.

The period of maximum flow of the Naryn River is from June to July and flow in Karadarya River from April to May - June. For the remainder of the year, water supply in these irrigation sources is very limited, and during maximum water consumption of cotton and other crops (especially July and August), there is frequently a deficit of water on these systems. Instability and lack of water availability in the individual systems is regulated by the Kasansai, Jiydaliysai and fifteen other small reservoirs (Figure 37). Projected operating reserves of fresh groundwater are 38,3 m3/s: approved reserves constitute 42,7 Drainage and field wastewater are discharged by the main collectors Karakalpak, P-2, and Sariksu' CDW is discharged into the Syrdarya River and the Karakdarya and Achchikkul lakes.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey.

FIGURE 38. Distribution of average vegetation GWL depths in Namangan Province. FIGURE 339. Distribution of the areas by groundwater mineralization during the growing season in Namangan Province.

FIGURE 38. Distribution of average vegetation GWL depths in Namangan Province. FIGURE 339. Distribution of the areas by groundwater mineralization during the growing season in Namangan Province.

No significant changes in the dynamics of soil salinization have been observed. In the province, more than 91% of land falls into the nonsaline category (Figure 40).

No significant changes in the dynamics of soil salinization have been observed. In the province, more than 91% of land falls into the nonsaline category (Figure 40).

FIGURE 44. Water use by economic activity (%). Specific water supply to the WCA border during the growing season is 8,8 thousand m%/ha, during the nongrowing period it is 2.3 thousand m%/ha. The water use ratio during the growing season is 0,96, and duringnongrowing season it is 0,93. Of the total water intake, 63.9% is taken from the Naryn River, 15,3% from the Syrdarya (Figure 45). Water productivity is 490 UZS/m%, i.e., 1 m of water diverted from sources produces an agricultural commodity return of 490 UZS.

FIGURE 44. Water use by economic activity (%). Specific water supply to the WCA border during the growing season is 8,8 thousand m%/ha, during the nongrowing period it is 2.3 thousand m%/ha. The water use ratio during the growing season is 0,96, and duringnongrowing season it is 0,93. Of the total water intake, 63.9% is taken from the Naryn River, 15,3% from the Syrdarya (Figure 45). Water productivity is 490 UZS/m%, i.e., 1 m of water diverted from sources produces an agricultural commodity return of 490 UZS.

The reservoirs Kasansai on the Kasansai river, Jiydaly on Chadaksai River and Chartak on Chartaksa River have sufficient capacity to regulate sais’ flow. The irrigated area is 234,8 thousand ha of which 95,5 ha are under pumping irrigation where water is lifted by 198 pumping stations. Irrigation systems have mixed supply. Thus, Kasansai basin is fed from BNC via pumping statior "Bulokboshi"; BNC is fed from NFC via pumping station "Kyzyl Ravat-2"; irrigated areas from Havas Kaksereksai, Isparan-Shavanda and other small sources are fed from Kasansai.

The reservoirs Kasansai on the Kasansai river, Jiydaly on Chadaksai River and Chartak on Chartaksa River have sufficient capacity to regulate sais’ flow. The irrigated area is 234,8 thousand ha of which 95,5 ha are under pumping irrigation where water is lifted by 198 pumping stations. Irrigation systems have mixed supply. Thus, Kasansai basin is fed from BNC via pumping statior "Bulokboshi"; BNC is fed from NFC via pumping station "Kyzyl Ravat-2"; irrigated areas from Havas Kaksereksai, Isparan-Shavanda and other small sources are fed from Kasansai.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015.

Irrigated agriculture is the main economic activity in the Syrdarya province. The irrigated areas are eque to 266,3 thousand ha or 52% from the total. The size of irrigated area in the province has not changec significantly between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation is the Syrdarya River and th river was formed from the Naryn and Karadarya rivers, which nourished snow and glaciers. The province i: located in the Kuyi-Syrdarya BISA and consists of the four ISAs: Boyovut-Arnasai ISA, Khavos-Zamin ISA Shuruzak-Syrdarya ISA and Uchtom ISA. The agricultural areas are irrigated by surface water from the canals The greater part of the province is located in the Boyovut-Arnasai and Shuruzak-Syrdarya ISAs, consisting o 80% of total area. There are 106 functioning Water Consumers’ Associations with an average area of 2,39: ha.

Irrigated agriculture is the main economic activity in the Syrdarya province. The irrigated areas are eque to 266,3 thousand ha or 52% from the total. The size of irrigated area in the province has not changec significantly between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation is the Syrdarya River and th river was formed from the Naryn and Karadarya rivers, which nourished snow and glaciers. The province i: located in the Kuyi-Syrdarya BISA and consists of the four ISAs: Boyovut-Arnasai ISA, Khavos-Zamin ISA Shuruzak-Syrdarya ISA and Uchtom ISA. The agricultural areas are irrigated by surface water from the canals The greater part of the province is located in the Boyovut-Arnasai and Shuruzak-Syrdarya ISAs, consisting o 80% of total area. There are 106 functioning Water Consumers’ Associations with an average area of 2,39: ha.

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 10. Main climate indicators of the Syrdarya Province (long-term annual average data).

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 10. Main climate indicators of the Syrdarya Province (long-term annual average data).

The forecast (Figure 48) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future as projections. The forecast shows that the Syrdarya Province will face a substantial growth of population and accordingly water use is planned in order to satisfy demand, based on past and current tendencies. While the population in the Syrdarya Province is projected to increase by 118 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water needed is anticipated to increase by more than 500 million.m°. Calculations of the population growth were done using the information from the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) as an item of input data. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 taken as equal to 3,7 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 2,871.0 million.m°. As illustrated in Figure 48, the population growth directly influences a sharp increase of total water use, which indicates that more pressure on rational and effective water use is expected.

The forecast (Figure 48) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in future as projections. The forecast shows that the Syrdarya Province will face a substantial growth of population and accordingly water use is planned in order to satisfy demand, based on past and current tendencies. While the population in the Syrdarya Province is projected to increase by 118 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water needed is anticipated to increase by more than 500 million.m°. Calculations of the population growth were done using the information from the State Committee on Statistics (1995-2015) as an item of input data. The total water use projections for the period of 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 taken as equal to 3,7 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 2,871.0 million.m°. As illustrated in Figure 48, the population growth directly influences a sharp increase of total water use, which indicates that more pressure on rational and effective water use is expected.

FIGURE 49. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of Syrdarya Province. The central part of the Hungry Steppe — up to Karoyskoy depression — is made of powerful layered, mostly clay deposits of interbedded sands and sandy loams. In the north, the layering becomes thin-platy that is typical of the peripheral parts of alluvial fans. The S huruzak depression in the central part is composed of layered clay, underlain by sand and gravel on the 10-15 m depth, which slide closer to the surface in the northern part of depression (Figure 49). Right slope of t he Shuruzyak depression as well as the second terrace above the floodplain, are composed of heavy loams and clays with interlayers of sandy loam and sand ranging from 10 to 20 m. Below, inequigranular sands, gravels and bench gravel lie up to 50 m and underlain by dense clay. Syrdarya is composed of alluvial sediments of dif erent texture, underlined by sand on a small depth.

FIGURE 49. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of Syrdarya Province. The central part of the Hungry Steppe — up to Karoyskoy depression — is made of powerful layered, mostly clay deposits of interbedded sands and sandy loams. In the north, the layering becomes thin-platy that is typical of the peripheral parts of alluvial fans. The S huruzak depression in the central part is composed of layered clay, underlain by sand and gravel on the 10-15 m depth, which slide closer to the surface in the northern part of depression (Figure 49). Right slope of t he Shuruzyak depression as well as the second terrace above the floodplain, are composed of heavy loams and clays with interlayers of sandy loam and sand ranging from 10 to 20 m. Below, inequigranular sands, gravels and bench gravel lie up to 50 m and underlain by dense clay. Syrdarya is composed of alluvial sediments of dif erent texture, underlined by sand on a small depth.

The irrigated area is 266,3 thousand ha of which 37,8 ha are under pumping irrigation; water is lifted by the 10 pumping stations. The total length of the canals under public water management organizations is 628 km, of which 293,7 km are for concrete lining. The total length of the irrigation network in WCAs is 5,861 km of which 413.7 km are for concrete lining, 2,035 km for flume network, and 86.3 km for closed network (Figure 50). The length of irrigation network per ha of irrigated area is 22.5 pm/ha. The irrigation network scheme of the province is shown in Figure 51. FIGURE 50. Map of the Lower-Syrdarya BISA command area

The irrigated area is 266,3 thousand ha of which 37,8 ha are under pumping irrigation; water is lifted by the 10 pumping stations. The total length of the canals under public water management organizations is 628 km, of which 293,7 km are for concrete lining. The total length of the irrigation network in WCAs is 5,861 km of which 413.7 km are for concrete lining, 2,035 km for flume network, and 86.3 km for closed network (Figure 50). The length of irrigation network per ha of irrigated area is 22.5 pm/ha. The irrigation network scheme of the province is shown in Figure 51. FIGURE 50. Map of the Lower-Syrdarya BISA command area

FIGURE 51. Irrigation network scheme of Syrdarya Province.

FIGURE 51. Irrigation network scheme of Syrdarya Province.

TABLE 11. Key indicators of the Syrdarya Province rivers. 2.4.4 Reclamation State of Irrigated Lands

TABLE 11. Key indicators of the Syrdarya Province rivers. 2.4.4 Reclamation State of Irrigated Lands

FIGURE 52. Distribution of average GWL in Syrdarya Province during the crop growth season. No significant changes in the distribution of areas with groundwater mineralization during the growing season are observed in the province. On 45% of the province area, groundwater salinity is 3-5 g/l; while on 16.5% of the area, groundwater salinity is 5-10 g/l (Figure 53).

FIGURE 52. Distribution of average GWL in Syrdarya Province during the crop growth season. No significant changes in the distribution of areas with groundwater mineralization during the growing season are observed in the province. On 45% of the province area, groundwater salinity is 3-5 g/l; while on 16.5% of the area, groundwater salinity is 5-10 g/l (Figure 53).

FIGURE 53. Distribution of the areas with GWL during the growing season in Syrdarya Province.

FIGURE 53. Distribution of the areas with GWL during the growing season in Syrdarya Province.

2.4.5 The Use of Water and Land Resources FIGURE 54. Distribution of irrigated areas by soil salinity in Syrdarya Province.

2.4.5 The Use of Water and Land Resources FIGURE 54. Distribution of irrigated areas by soil salinity in Syrdarya Province.

Due to the diversification of agricultural production over the past 5 years the area under cotton decreased by 2 thousand ha, area under grains increased by 5 thousand ha and the area under melons by 2 ha. The crop pattern including household backyards for the year 2014 is shown in Figure 56.

Due to the diversification of agricultural production over the past 5 years the area under cotton decreased by 2 thousand ha, area under grains increased by 5 thousand ha and the area under melons by 2 ha. The crop pattern including household backyards for the year 2014 is shown in Figure 56.

FIGURE 56. Crop pattern including household backyards (%). The land productivity is 5.09 million USZ/ha, i.e., one ha of irrigated land produces an agricultural commodity return of 5.09 million UZS.

FIGURE 56. Crop pattern including household backyards (%). The land productivity is 5.09 million USZ/ha, i.e., one ha of irrigated land produces an agricultural commodity return of 5.09 million UZS.

Specific water supply to the WCA border is 6,6-8,4 thousand m?/ha during the growing season; in the nongrowing season it is 5-5.9 thousand m°%/ha. The water use ratio during the growing season is 0,86-0,97 and, during nongrowing season, it is 0,72-0,84. Of the total water intake, 48.4% are withdrawn from the SHSC system, 45.0% from the Doustlik system, 6.0 from the Syrdarya, 0.6% from CDS and 0.03% from groundwater (Figure 58).

Specific water supply to the WCA border is 6,6-8,4 thousand m?/ha during the growing season; in the nongrowing season it is 5-5.9 thousand m°%/ha. The water use ratio during the growing season is 0,86-0,97 and, during nongrowing season, it is 0,72-0,84. Of the total water intake, 48.4% are withdrawn from the SHSC system, 45.0% from the Doustlik system, 6.0 from the Syrdarya, 0.6% from CDS and 0.03% from groundwater (Figure 58).

FIGURE 58. Water intake structure (%). Some 10-12% of the water withdrawn from the source is lost in main canals; 6-8% of water delivered tc the district borders is lost in distribution canals. Water productivity is 490 UZS/m¢%, i.e. 1 m% diverted from sources produces an agricultural return of 490 UZS. It should be noted that due to the transition of Toktogu Reservoir to energy-production regime, in winter and spring, floodplain inundation causes harm to farmlands on the lower reaches of Syrdarya. Collectors remain in the poor conditions and the quality of saline soil leaching deteriorates due to violations of the optimal leaching time. The organizational structure of water resources management in Syrdarya Province is shown in Figure 59.

FIGURE 58. Water intake structure (%). Some 10-12% of the water withdrawn from the source is lost in main canals; 6-8% of water delivered tc the district borders is lost in distribution canals. Water productivity is 490 UZS/m¢%, i.e. 1 m% diverted from sources produces an agricultural return of 490 UZS. It should be noted that due to the transition of Toktogu Reservoir to energy-production regime, in winter and spring, floodplain inundation causes harm to farmlands on the lower reaches of Syrdarya. Collectors remain in the poor conditions and the quality of saline soil leaching deteriorates due to violations of the optimal leaching time. The organizational structure of water resources management in Syrdarya Province is shown in Figure 59.

TABLE 12. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of Syrdarya Province.

TABLE 12. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of Syrdarya Province.

FIGURE 60. Dynamics of urban and rural population Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. General information. The Kashkadarya Province lies in the latitudes 37.9965 to 39.5904 and longitudes 64.2941 to 67.7180, and the total area is 28,400 km2. The province is located in the southeastern part of the country, bordered with Samarkand, Surkhandarya and Bukhara provinces internally, and Turkmenistan and Tajikistan countries. Climate is typically continental and partly semitropical, arid zone. There are 13 districts in the province — Karshi, Kasby, Nishon, Mirishkor, Muborak, Koson, Chirokchi, Guzar, Dehkanabad, Kamashi, Yakkabag, Kitob and Shakhrisabz. Karshi City is the administrative center of the province.

FIGURE 60. Dynamics of urban and rural population Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. General information. The Kashkadarya Province lies in the latitudes 37.9965 to 39.5904 and longitudes 64.2941 to 67.7180, and the total area is 28,400 km2. The province is located in the southeastern part of the country, bordered with Samarkand, Surkhandarya and Bukhara provinces internally, and Turkmenistan and Tajikistan countries. Climate is typically continental and partly semitropical, arid zone. There are 13 districts in the province — Karshi, Kasby, Nishon, Mirishkor, Muborak, Koson, Chirokchi, Guzar, Dehkanabad, Kamashi, Yakkabag, Kitob and Shakhrisabz. Karshi City is the administrative center of the province.

Irrigated agriculture is the main economic activity of the Kashkadarya Province. The irrigated areas equal 457,6 thousand he which represent 16% of the total area. The irrigated area in the province has not changed significantly between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation are the rivers Aksuv, Djindarya, Kashkadarya, Tanxozdarya, Katta Uradarya and Yakkabagdarya. The province is located in the Amu-Kashkadarya BISA and contains five ISAs: Mirishkor ISA, Karshi main canal (KMC) ISA, Aksuv ISA, Yakkabag-Guzar ISA and Eskiankhar ISA. The agricultural areas are irrigated by canals and small rivers. There are 152 functioning WCAs with an average area of 3,391 ha. \Wlatar damand danande on the nonijlatiqnn cizea damanded tyne of fond and coneiimntion volitjmeac FIGURE 61. Population density and gender by districts in Kashkadarya Province.

Irrigated agriculture is the main economic activity of the Kashkadarya Province. The irrigated areas equal 457,6 thousand he which represent 16% of the total area. The irrigated area in the province has not changed significantly between 2012 and 2015. The main source of water for irrigation are the rivers Aksuv, Djindarya, Kashkadarya, Tanxozdarya, Katta Uradarya and Yakkabagdarya. The province is located in the Amu-Kashkadarya BISA and contains five ISAs: Mirishkor ISA, Karshi main canal (KMC) ISA, Aksuv ISA, Yakkabag-Guzar ISA and Eskiankhar ISA. The agricultural areas are irrigated by canals and small rivers. There are 152 functioning WCAs with an average area of 3,391 ha. \Wlatar damand danande on the nonijlatiqnn cizea damanded tyne of fond and coneiimntion volitjmeac FIGURE 61. Population density and gender by districts in Kashkadarya Province.

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 13. Main climate indicators of Kashkadarya Province (long-term annual average data).

Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. TABLE 13. Main climate indicators of Kashkadarya Province (long-term annual average data).

Types of crops, crop yields and agricultural productivity also affect the demand for water, while climatic changes add uncertainty to the annual water distribution. The forecast (Figure 62) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in the future. The forecas shows that the Kashkadarya Region will face a substantial population growth and, accordingly, demand fo! water in order to satisfy the needs based on past and current tendencies. While the population in the Kashkadarya Province is projected to increase by 720 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water demand is anticipated to be more than 1,646.0 million m. The total water use projections for 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 and equal to 2.3 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 6,815.3 million m°. As illustrated in Figure 62, the population growth directly influences a sharp increase of the total water use, indicating a higher pressure on rational and effective water use. Currently, the viable solutions of the above problems must be found soon, and is a primary task of policy: makers, researchers and managers, aimed at the rational water use, analysis of river basins studies’ anc irrigation sources flow plans as well as proper planning.

Types of crops, crop yields and agricultural productivity also affect the demand for water, while climatic changes add uncertainty to the annual water distribution. The forecast (Figure 62) of the population growth and total water use was developed to determine how much water would be needed in the future. The forecas shows that the Kashkadarya Region will face a substantial population growth and, accordingly, demand fo! water in order to satisfy the needs based on past and current tendencies. While the population in the Kashkadarya Province is projected to increase by 720 thousand between 2015 and 2030, the amount of water demand is anticipated to be more than 1,646.0 million m. The total water use projections for 2015-2030 are calculated according to water use per capita in 2015 and equal to 2.3 m® per capita. In fact, in 2015 water consumption of the region was 6,815.3 million m°. As illustrated in Figure 62, the population growth directly influences a sharp increase of the total water use, indicating a higher pressure on rational and effective water use. Currently, the viable solutions of the above problems must be found soon, and is a primary task of policy: makers, researchers and managers, aimed at the rational water use, analysis of river basins studies’ anc irrigation sources flow plans as well as proper planning.

2.5.3 Irrigation Networks FIGURE 63. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of Kashkadarya Province.

2.5.3 Irrigation Networks FIGURE 63. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of Kashkadarya Province.

Almost 2/3 of the water used in agriculture is taken from the Amudarya river. At the same time, internal water sources, in particular, the Kashkadarya River, provide only 16.7% for agriculture; 7.5% of the water comes from the Zarafshan Basin through the Eskiankhar Canal. Mineralization of the Amudarya River water at the Kerki gauging station during the growing season ranges from 0.5-0.7 g/l; Kashkadarya - 0.4-0.5 g/l, irrigation wells 0.4-0.5 g/l, vertical drainage 2.7-3.4 g/l and 0.3-0.6 CDW in Kitab and Shakhrisazbz districts, 1-3 g/l in other areas of the sierozem zone and 4-10 g/l in the desert zone. “Tlhim Wanhklsinnnnwien Dink AAR RE ARK. Alera. AS OOCN mom wm m1 COM BRA SAR Kane mE thi P™tiamM ae FIGURE 64. Map of the Amu-Kashkadarya BISA command area.

Almost 2/3 of the water used in agriculture is taken from the Amudarya river. At the same time, internal water sources, in particular, the Kashkadarya River, provide only 16.7% for agriculture; 7.5% of the water comes from the Zarafshan Basin through the Eskiankhar Canal. Mineralization of the Amudarya River water at the Kerki gauging station during the growing season ranges from 0.5-0.7 g/l; Kashkadarya - 0.4-0.5 g/l, irrigation wells 0.4-0.5 g/l, vertical drainage 2.7-3.4 g/l and 0.3-0.6 CDW in Kitab and Shakhrisazbz districts, 1-3 g/l in other areas of the sierozem zone and 4-10 g/l in the desert zone. “Tlhim Wanhklsinnnnwien Dink AAR RE ARK. Alera. AS OOCN mom wm m1 COM BRA SAR Kane mE thi P™tiamM ae FIGURE 64. Map of the Amu-Kashkadarya BISA command area.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey.

Over-irrigation leads to the salinity increase due to rising, shallow groundwater levels. Saline areas constitute 45% including 34% of the slightly saline areas, 8% medium saline and 2% strongly saline (Figure 66). A significant part of the saline soils with a high groundwater level only in Guzar District alone reachec 6,126 ha, or half of the plain irrigated lands. Inefficient irrigation techniques contribute to soil salinity and create shortage of water resources.

Over-irrigation leads to the salinity increase due to rising, shallow groundwater levels. Saline areas constitute 45% including 34% of the slightly saline areas, 8% medium saline and 2% strongly saline (Figure 66). A significant part of the saline soils with a high groundwater level only in Guzar District alone reachec 6,126 ha, or half of the plain irrigated lands. Inefficient irrigation techniques contribute to soil salinity and create shortage of water resources.

Natural conditions affect the ameliorative status of the irrigated areas in the desert and sierozems zones. The status is complex in the desert zone and relatively good in the zone of sierozems. The groundwater regime is mostly managed by horizontal drainage. Vertical drainage is implemented in the Karshi and Kasby districts in 18.8 ha of land; there are 306 VDWs. Annual drainage runoff is 1,456.42-1,338.23 million m%. Specific drainage flow is 2.6-2.8 m%/ha. Of the total CDW in the province, 24.4% is discharged in the river, 19% to the canals and 57% outside the irrigated area. In recent years, there have been no significant changes in groundwater levels. Areas with groundwater levels of up to 2 m are less than 3% (Figure 67). The intense evaporation of groundwater on the plain areas of the basin leads to a strong salt accumulation. In order to improve and increase soil fertility and crop yields, it is required to leach the soils and then to apply a set of agro-reclamation measures, leading to mitigation of secondary salinization processes. FIGURE 67. Distribution of areas by GWL in Kashkadarya Province.

Natural conditions affect the ameliorative status of the irrigated areas in the desert and sierozems zones. The status is complex in the desert zone and relatively good in the zone of sierozems. The groundwater regime is mostly managed by horizontal drainage. Vertical drainage is implemented in the Karshi and Kasby districts in 18.8 ha of land; there are 306 VDWs. Annual drainage runoff is 1,456.42-1,338.23 million m%. Specific drainage flow is 2.6-2.8 m%/ha. Of the total CDW in the province, 24.4% is discharged in the river, 19% to the canals and 57% outside the irrigated area. In recent years, there have been no significant changes in groundwater levels. Areas with groundwater levels of up to 2 m are less than 3% (Figure 67). The intense evaporation of groundwater on the plain areas of the basin leads to a strong salt accumulation. In order to improve and increase soil fertility and crop yields, it is required to leach the soils and then to apply a set of agro-reclamation measures, leading to mitigation of secondary salinization processes. FIGURE 67. Distribution of areas by GWL in Kashkadarya Province.

FIGURE 69. Crop pattern including household backyards, % Organization of water management. The Karshi Main Canal Management Organization is under the Republican Association "Uzsuvtamirfoydalanish". In the province, water delivery to WCAs is implemented by four ISAs of the "Amu-Kashkadarya" BISA and “Eskianhar” ISA of the "Zarafshan" BISA from another province.

FIGURE 69. Crop pattern including household backyards, % Organization of water management. The Karshi Main Canal Management Organization is under the Republican Association "Uzsuvtamirfoydalanish". In the province, water delivery to WCAs is implemented by four ISAs of the "Amu-Kashkadarya" BISA and “Eskianhar” ISA of the "Zarafshan" BISA from another province.

FIGURE 70. Water use by industry (%). The organizational structure of water management in the Kashkadarya province is shown in Figure 71.

FIGURE 70. Water use by industry (%). The organizational structure of water management in the Kashkadarya province is shown in Figure 71.

TABLE 15. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of Kashkadarya Province.

TABLE 15. List of current issues and problems in small rivers and sais of Kashkadarya Province.

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. General information. The Surkhandarya Province lies in the latitudes 37.1392 to 39.1159 and longitudes 66.5131 to 68.4436, and occupies the area of 20,100 km2. The province is located in the far southeast of the country, bordered with the Kashkadarya Province, and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Climate is arid, continental. The southern part of the province is a semidesert ecoregion. There are 14 districts in the province: Altinsai, Angor, Boysun, Denov, Jarkurgan, Kizirik, Kumkirgan, Muzrabat, Sariosiyo, Sherabat, Shurchi, Termez and Uzun, Only 13 are mentioned. Termez city is the administrative center of the FIGURE 73. Dynamics of urban and rural population province. The pooulation of the brovinea is 2358.3 FIGURE 73. Dynamics of urban and rural population

Source: The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 2015. General information. The Surkhandarya Province lies in the latitudes 37.1392 to 39.1159 and longitudes 66.5131 to 68.4436, and occupies the area of 20,100 km2. The province is located in the far southeast of the country, bordered with the Kashkadarya Province, and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Climate is arid, continental. The southern part of the province is a semidesert ecoregion. There are 14 districts in the province: Altinsai, Angor, Boysun, Denov, Jarkurgan, Kizirik, Kumkirgan, Muzrabat, Sariosiyo, Sherabat, Shurchi, Termez and Uzun, Only 13 are mentioned. Termez city is the administrative center of the FIGURE 73. Dynamics of urban and rural population province. The pooulation of the brovinea is 2358.3 FIGURE 73. Dynamics of urban and rural population

FIGURE 74. Population density and gender by district in the Surkhandarya Province

FIGURE 74. Population density and gender by district in the Surkhandarya Province

TABLE 16. Main climate indicators of Surkhandarya Province (long-term annual average data).

TABLE 16. Main climate indicators of Surkhandarya Province (long-term annual average data).

The forecast (Figure 75) of the population growth was developed to determine the tendency of population growth in the period of 1995-2030. The forecast shows that the Surkhandarya Region will face a steady population growth. which will put pressure on irrigation water use to meet the demand, based on past and current tendencies. The population growth is projected to increase by 593,8 thousand for the period between 2015 and 2030. Around 64% of the population live in rural areas and agricultural activities are considered the main source of livelihoods of the local population. FIGURE 75. Forecast of population growth in the Surkhandarya Province for 1995-2030.

The forecast (Figure 75) of the population growth was developed to determine the tendency of population growth in the period of 1995-2030. The forecast shows that the Surkhandarya Region will face a steady population growth. which will put pressure on irrigation water use to meet the demand, based on past and current tendencies. The population growth is projected to increase by 593,8 thousand for the period between 2015 and 2030. Around 64% of the population live in rural areas and agricultural activities are considered the main source of livelihoods of the local population. FIGURE 75. Forecast of population growth in the Surkhandarya Province for 1995-2030.

Geological profile is composed of a thick (50-300 m) layer of quaternary deposits of loess loam, sandy loam, gravel and sand. Four floodplain terraces with a continuous gradient of 0.0015-0.0025 can be traced on both banks of the Surkhandarya River (Figure 76). In the central part of the plain, from south to north, Haudag, Kokaido and Uchkyzyl heights are located along with dune sands of the Kattakum Desert that the separate narrow valley of the Surkhandarya River from the Sherabad Steppe (Sadykov, 1975). ame: FIGURE 76. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of the Surkhandarya Province.

Geological profile is composed of a thick (50-300 m) layer of quaternary deposits of loess loam, sandy loam, gravel and sand. Four floodplain terraces with a continuous gradient of 0.0015-0.0025 can be traced on both banks of the Surkhandarya River (Figure 76). In the central part of the plain, from south to north, Haudag, Kokaido and Uchkyzyl heights are located along with dune sands of the Kattakum Desert that the separate narrow valley of the Surkhandarya River from the Sherabad Steppe (Sadykov, 1975). ame: FIGURE 76. Digital Elevation Model and irrigation network of the Surkhandarya Province.

= ‘Y A characteristic feature of many rivers in the province is the minimum and more or less fixed runoff in Oc nd February. The waterflow rises from March to a reaching a maximum in May, and a rapid decline from June. large dispersion of runoff does not meet the requirements of the effective cultivation of most crops. The irrigated area is 325.7 thousand ha, of which 208.5 thousand ha receive water through pumping b' umping stations. A map of the Amu-Surkhandarya BISA command area is shown in Figure 77. The main water source is the Surkhandarya River that is 200 km long and is formed by the confluence « asin’s largest rivers Karatag and Tupalang. The annual total flow is 20 and 46% of the total runoff of the Surkhan ‘iver. Their catchment areas, located on the southern slopes of the Gissar Ridge, are 634 to 2,200 km2. On the ide, the Surkhandarya River receives two tributaries with constant inflow: Sangardak and Hodzhaipak, with catct reas of 901 and 762 km, respectively. Tributaries are fed by snow and glacier. After leaving the mountains, the sed for irrigation, and runoff reaches the main river only during floods. The Surkhandarya River is also pa 2plenished with discharge collector water, small sais and thinning in the river and its tributaries (Figure 78). FIGURE 77. Map of the Amu-Surkhan BISA command area.

= ‘Y A characteristic feature of many rivers in the province is the minimum and more or less fixed runoff in Oc nd February. The waterflow rises from March to a reaching a maximum in May, and a rapid decline from June. large dispersion of runoff does not meet the requirements of the effective cultivation of most crops. The irrigated area is 325.7 thousand ha, of which 208.5 thousand ha receive water through pumping b' umping stations. A map of the Amu-Surkhandarya BISA command area is shown in Figure 77. The main water source is the Surkhandarya River that is 200 km long and is formed by the confluence « asin’s largest rivers Karatag and Tupalang. The annual total flow is 20 and 46% of the total runoff of the Surkhan ‘iver. Their catchment areas, located on the southern slopes of the Gissar Ridge, are 634 to 2,200 km2. On the ide, the Surkhandarya River receives two tributaries with constant inflow: Sangardak and Hodzhaipak, with catct reas of 901 and 762 km, respectively. Tributaries are fed by snow and glacier. After leaving the mountains, the sed for irrigation, and runoff reaches the main river only during floods. The Surkhandarya River is also pa 2plenished with discharge collector water, small sais and thinning in the river and its tributaries (Figure 78). FIGURE 77. Map of the Amu-Surkhan BISA command area.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey. TABLE 17. Key indicators of the Surkhandarya Province rivers.

Source: Akromov 2008 and Authors’ survey. TABLE 17. Key indicators of the Surkhandarya Province rivers.

FIGURE 78. Irrigation system of the Surkhandarya Province. Another source of irrigation in the province is the Sherabad River. The river is 177 km long, and its basin is located on the west, in the spurs of the Gissar Ridge (Table 17). The river is snow-fed with a catchment area of approximately 2,950 km2?. In the upper reaches it is called Magiandarya, in the middle reaches Sherabad, and in the lower reaches, Karasu. After leaving the valley, its flow is completely used for irrigation, and the karasu acts as a drain. Spring water and water from 73 irrigation wells and collectors are also used for irrigation. Projected operating reserves of fresh groundwater are 3,373.75 m3/day, or 39.05 m?/s. Groundwater is mainly tread for hniieahonld and indisetrial water elrinnlhy Diiring the vaar the water intaka nlan dneae not match tha voliimea of

FIGURE 78. Irrigation system of the Surkhandarya Province. Another source of irrigation in the province is the Sherabad River. The river is 177 km long, and its basin is located on the west, in the spurs of the Gissar Ridge (Table 17). The river is snow-fed with a catchment area of approximately 2,950 km2?. In the upper reaches it is called Magiandarya, in the middle reaches Sherabad, and in the lower reaches, Karasu. After leaving the valley, its flow is completely used for irrigation, and the karasu acts as a drain. Spring water and water from 73 irrigation wells and collectors are also used for irrigation. Projected operating reserves of fresh groundwater are 3,373.75 m3/day, or 39.05 m?/s. Groundwater is mainly tread for hniieahonld and indisetrial water elrinnlhy Diiring the vaar the water intaka nlan dneae not match tha voliimea of

FIGURE 79. Distribution of the areas with average GWL during crop growth season in the Surkhandarya Province FIGURE 80. Distribution of the areas with GWM on average for the crop growth period in the Surkhandarya Provinc:

FIGURE 79. Distribution of the areas with average GWL during crop growth season in the Surkhandarya Province FIGURE 80. Distribution of the areas with GWM on average for the crop growth period in the Surkhandarya Provinc:

FIGURE 81. Distribution of the irrigated areas in the Surkhandarya Region by soil salinization.

FIGURE 81. Distribution of the irrigated areas in the Surkhandarya Region by soil salinization.

FIGURE 83. Irrigated land structure. (%). Organization of water use. Organizational structure of water management in the province is provided in Figure 84. The "Surhandaryasuvokova" SUE provides the population with water for drinking and householc needs. Water intake for this purpose is carried out from both groundwater and surface sources. Direct water use is organized by 149 WCAs. WACs of the province carry out water intake on 3,840 water distribution points Fifty-eight % of ISA water distribution points are equipped with water control structures, 61% of which have hydroposts. WCAs carry out water distribution on 6,354 water distribution points; 46% are equipped with water. control structures, 37% with hydroposts. In such circumstances, it is difficult to adjust the water distribution between water users quickly and to keep records of water supply; there are many organizational water losses. Over the last 5 years, the diversification of agriculture has led to increased area under winter wheat by 5.0 thousand ha and orchards by 1.3 thousand ha. and resources, yields have been decreasing in many farms of the province. Currently, the grain crops grown in Surkhandarya Province are wheat, barley, rice, millet, corn, white durra and legumes. Most of them are located on dryland. Due to adverse climatic conditions (low rainfall, frequent droughts) grain yield is relatively low. Inefficient agro-technologies also do not provide for high yields. Until now, the agricultural production system on nonirrigated areas has not been well developed. In this regard, the total grain production in food and fodder balance of the province is minor. The structure of irrigated lands is shown in Figure 83. TN. sme the larnt Cusnmmyvr thn A nveifinntian ni nnvinisltiuivem her JAA 4A {RRR RR ee ee a a a Pn

FIGURE 83. Irrigated land structure. (%). Organization of water use. Organizational structure of water management in the province is provided in Figure 84. The "Surhandaryasuvokova" SUE provides the population with water for drinking and householc needs. Water intake for this purpose is carried out from both groundwater and surface sources. Direct water use is organized by 149 WCAs. WACs of the province carry out water intake on 3,840 water distribution points Fifty-eight % of ISA water distribution points are equipped with water control structures, 61% of which have hydroposts. WCAs carry out water distribution on 6,354 water distribution points; 46% are equipped with water. control structures, 37% with hydroposts. In such circumstances, it is difficult to adjust the water distribution between water users quickly and to keep records of water supply; there are many organizational water losses. Over the last 5 years, the diversification of agriculture has led to increased area under winter wheat by 5.0 thousand ha and orchards by 1.3 thousand ha. and resources, yields have been decreasing in many farms of the province. Currently, the grain crops grown in Surkhandarya Province are wheat, barley, rice, millet, corn, white durra and legumes. Most of them are located on dryland. Due to adverse climatic conditions (low rainfall, frequent droughts) grain yield is relatively low. Inefficient agro-technologies also do not provide for high yields. Until now, the agricultural production system on nonirrigated areas has not been well developed. In this regard, the total grain production in food and fodder balance of the province is minor. The structure of irrigated lands is shown in Figure 83. TN. sme the larnt Cusnmmyvr thn A nveifinntian ni nnvinisltiuivem her JAA 4A {RRR RR ee ee a a a Pn

From the water diverted from sources, 9% is lost within the main canal beds; and of the water deliverer to the district border, 7% is lost in the distribution canals. In general, the delivery losses from the river to the WCA boundaries during the growing season are 14%, in the nongrowing season, 18% relative to the volum of water diverted from the source. Water productivity is 791.4 UZS/m¢, i.e. 1 m% of water diverted from source: produces an agricultural commodity return of 791.4 UZS. FIGURE 86. Water intake structure (%). Specific water supply to WCA boundary during the growing season is 10.1 thousand m%/ha and during nongrowing season 3.2 thousand m°/ha. Of the total water intake, 34.2% is taken from Surkhandarya and 33.3% from Amudarya (Figure 86).

From the water diverted from sources, 9% is lost within the main canal beds; and of the water deliverer to the district border, 7% is lost in the distribution canals. In general, the delivery losses from the river to the WCA boundaries during the growing season are 14%, in the nongrowing season, 18% relative to the volum of water diverted from the source. Water productivity is 791.4 UZS/m¢, i.e. 1 m% of water diverted from source: produces an agricultural commodity return of 791.4 UZS. FIGURE 86. Water intake structure (%). Specific water supply to WCA boundary during the growing season is 10.1 thousand m%/ha and during nongrowing season 3.2 thousand m°/ha. Of the total water intake, 34.2% is taken from Surkhandarya and 33.3% from Amudarya (Figure 86).

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References (24)

  1. Kasansai 21.2 48 129 982 853 171 301 219 Source: Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1992. Analyses of the long-term data showed that the last spring frost is observed in the valley part (Namangan) on March 20 and at the foothills (Kasansai) in late March or early April. The sum of effective temperatures in the foothills of the province reaches 2,220 °C, and in the valley -2,434 °C Are these 22.2 and 24.34 °C, respectively? The duration of frost-free period is 211 days. The average long-term data show that the annual precipitation in the foothills (Kasansai) is 300 mm, and in the desert zone only 60-150 mm. Most of the precipitation for all districts falls in winter and spring. Relative humidity in the growing season in sierozems is 48-51%, and in the desert zone it is 40-53%. At the same time, evaporation from the water surface reaches 1,110-1,283 mm a year. As a result, moisture deficit during the growing season with 91-78 mm is quite 1813.3 1925.5 2016.6
  2. Akromov, A.; Alimove, B. Sh.; Aminov, M.N. 2008. National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  3. CAREC, GIZ. 2014. Guidelines on basin planning. March 31, 2014 "OST-XXI Century". Almaty, Kazakhstan.
  4. CAREC, GIZ. 2011. Basin planning for Integrated Water Resources Management and water saving Aral-Syrdarya River Basin. Kzylorda, Kazakhstan.
  5. EU-GIZ. 2015. Sustainable management of water resources in rural areas in Uzbekistan. Programme. Description of the action. C1: National policy framework for water governance and integrated water resources management and supply part, implemented by GIZ.
  6. Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 1992. Land reclamation and irrigation of crops of cotton rotation ( hydromodule zoning and irrigation regimes of agricultural crops by regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan). [Editorial: Bespalov, N.F et.al.]. Union Scientific Research Institute of Cotton. Tashkent
  7. Pegram, G.; Y. Li,Y.;; Quesne, T. Le; Speed, R.; Li, J.; Shen. F. 2013. River basin planning: Principles, procedures and approaches for strategic basin planning. Asian Development Bank, GIWP and WWF-UK. Paris: UNESCO
  8. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on improving the organization of water management. July 21, 2003 № 320.
  9. Sadykov, A.S.; Benjaminovich, Z. M.; Tersitskiy, D. K. 1975. Irrigation of Uzbekistan: All 4 volumes AN UZSSR. Council for the Study of production forces of the Republic; Tashkent, Uzbekistan: Fan. 1975-1981. [in Russian]
  10. The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. 2015. Yearbook of the regions of Uzbekistan, the State Statistics Committee of Uzbekistan. Tashkent.
  11. www.reference.com (accessed on 15.12.2016). Annex 1. Proposal for the Selection of Pilot River Basins. It is advisable to select pilot river basins according to the following criteria:
  12. A River basin should not be transboundary by nature;
  13. A pilot river basin has to have more or less clear hydrographic boundaries;
  14. A river basin should be formed in the territory of Uzbekistan;
  15. A river basin should be representative for the pilot region by the water supply and eco-ameliorative state of irrigated areas;
  16. A river basin should deliver water to at least two -three districts;
  17. A pilot river basin has to have water supply from at least two water sources;
  18. A river basin should be easily accessible by other neighboring BISAs and ISAs to study and gain experience;
  19. ISAs responsible for river basin management should be interested in implementation of the river basin plan;
  20. Data on the river basin should be readily available;
  21. A pilot river basin has to have different water uses, including domestic, agriculture, power generation, fish farming, and environmental needs.
  22. A river basin must be either a creek or a river canal;
  23. Basin Water Authority has to be responsive, willing to change its practices and/or have innovative thinking and willingness to adopt innovations. The main rivers in the pilot regions are the Naryn, Karadarya, Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya rivers. Naryn River flows through the territory of the Issykul, Naryn, and Jalalabad provinces of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Namangan Province in Uzbekistan. The river originates at the confluence of Kashkasu and Maytara rivers and forms the Syrdarya River at the confluence with the Karadarya River. The length of the river is 807 km; the basin area is 59.9 thousand square kilometers. The river is fed by glacial-snow melting. Seasonal flow is from May to August. The average water flow above the Uchkurgan city is 480 m³/s. Karadarya River flows through the territory of the Osh Province in the Kyrgyz Republic, Andijan and Namangan provinces of Uzbekistan. Karadarya is formed by the confluence of Tar and Kara-Kuldja; it originates at an altitude of about 1,150 m and has a length of 180 km; the Basin area is 28.6 thousand km². Karadarya is fed by snow and glaciers melting. The average water flow near the Uchtepa settlement is 136 m³/s. Surkhandarya River is formed at the confluence of the Tupalangdarya and Karatag rivers flowing from the southern slope of the Gissar Mountains. The river is 175 km long (from the source. Karatag River 287 km);
  24. the basin area is 13,500 square kilometers (in the mountain area -8,230 km 2 ). Average flow module of the mountain part is 14.6 l/s km 2 . Feeding source is snow and glaciers melting. Seasonal flood takes place from June to August. The average flow rate at 6 km from the entry (Manguzar section) is 65.8 m³/s. Currently, Surkhandarya Basin is fed by water from the Amudarya River. Kashkadarya River at the initial section of the flow is called Obihunda; further Shinachasai; and in the lower reaches Maymanakdarya. The length of the river is 378 km; the basin area is 12,000 kilometers and mean long-term flow rate 25.3 m 3 /s (Chirakchi Town). Feeding is snow. Seasonal floods take place in April and May. Currently, the Kashkadarya basin is fed by water from Zarafshan. In addition to these rivers, many small rivers (sais) flow in the territory of pilot provinces. In Andijan Province: Akbura and Aravansai (average annual flow rate is 6 m 3 /s) flow through the territory of Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan, and Maylisai and Tentaksai through the territory of Uzbekistan. In Namangan Province: Padshatasai (irrigated area is 21,147 ha), Kasansai (average annual flow is 11 m 3 /s; irrigated area is 21,555 ha), Chartaksai (1.79 m 3 /s), Nmangansai (6 m 3 /s), Gavasai (6 m 3 /s, irrigated area 8,756 ha), Sumsarsai, Almazsai, Koktareksai, Chirchiksarsai, Chaddaksai (3 m 3 /s, irrigated area is 450 ha), and Rezaksay (0.7 m 3 /s). In Fergana Province: Isfayramsai (average annual flow is 22 m 3 /s), Sukh (41 m 3 /s) and Shakhimardonsai (11 m 3 /s) flow through the territory of Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan, Isfara (15 m 3 /s) through the territory of Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In Kashkadarya Province: Djinidarya, Aksu, Yakkabag, Tanhazdarya, Guzardarya, Langar, Kyzyldarya. In Surkhandarya Province: Tupalang, Karatag Sangardak, Khozhaipak, Sherabad.