Risk attitudes and the family enviroment: Application to the firm-households in the olive-oil sector (original) (raw)
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American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1978
9 ---' r -8 NOTE: D i s c u s s i o n P a p e r s a r e p r e l i m i n a r , m a t e r i a l s c i r c u l a t e d -t o s t i m u l a t e d i s c u s s i o n and c r i t i c a l comment. References i n p u b l i c a t i o n t o D i s c u s s i o n P a p e r s should b e c l e a r e d w i t h t h e a u t h o r ( s ) t o p r o t e c t t h e t e n t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r of t h e s e papers. The p a p e r s e x p r e s s t h e views of t h e a u t h o r and should n o t b e i n t e r
Changes in risk attitudes Liebenehm et al.
In this paper we investigate changes in individual risk attitudes, measured by a survey-based item, over time among the rural population in Thailand and Vietnam. We utilize a unique panel data set of 2812 respondents from 2008 and 2010. We aim to identify potential factors that affect the change in risk attitudes. In particular, we aim to examine the relation between risk aversion and vulnerability to idiosyncratic and covariate shocks.
Combining risk perception and risk attitude: A comprehensive individual risk behavior model
… 30-September 2, …, 2011
Although risk management in farming is a well-documented subject in scientific literature, this same literature is usually used only by other scientist and is not aiding individual farmers in their management. Risk perception and risk attitude are well described determinants of risk behaviour but rarely combined in an integrated approach for risk behaviour research. Furthermore in most literature risk attitude is taken as a given stable personality trait on which the optimal behaviour should be based. We argue that risk attitude can be manageable in order to derive optimal risk behaviour. Based on these findings we develop a comprehensive theoretical basic model on farmers risk behaviour. Furthermore a participatory approach involving the stakeholder, the farmer, to build on this model is presented. This presented model has as final purpose of guiding research on establishing risk management tools applicable by farmers.
2003
Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are mayor global public health issues. HIV-1 infection is now manageable as a chronic disease thanks to the development of antiretroviral therapy; however, the existence of HIV drug resistance and collateral effects have increased the search for therapeutic alternatives. Compounds of marine resources have been studied for their antiviral potential. Objectives: To evaluate the antiviral activity of isolated bromotyrosine-derivative compounds from the Colombian marine sponges, Verongula rigida and Aiolochoria crassa against HIV-1 infection in vitro. Methods: Cytotoxicity of 11 bromotyrosine-derivative compounds was determined by the MTT assay. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication was performed using the U373-MAGI cell line, which was infected with recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses pseudotyped, in the presence or absence of the compounds. The percentage of infected cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, the inhibition of reverse transcription and nuclear import was determined by quantification of early and late reverse transcription products and 2-LTR circles, respectively, using quantitative PCR. Results: Aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited the HIV-1 replication in a dose-dependent manner, with a median maximum percentage of inhibition of 74% (20 µM), 57% (80 µM) and 47% (80 µM), respectively. Importantly, none of these concentrations were cytotoxic. Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited the nuclear import efficiently; while 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N,O-tetramethyltyraminium, aeroplysinin-1, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-Omethyltyrosine inhibited X4 HIV-1 cell entry with a median maximum percentage of inhibition ranging between 2 to 30%. Conclusions: Aeroplysinin-1, 19-deoxyfistularin 3, purealidin B, fistularin 3 and 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-O-methyltyrosine inhibited HIV replication at different steps. This study opens the possibility of chemically synthesizing these compounds and evaluating them as alternative therapies against HIV-1.
Land Use Policy, 2019
Climate change is likely to generate severe impacts on smallholder farmers in developing countries. As key drivers of adaptation, climate risk perceptions are highly heterogeneous, varying both across people and context, and are complex, being defined as behaviour which varies across both impact and likelihood dimensions in nonlinear ways. Yet most studies examining risk perceptions are unable to disentangle the role of perceptions regarding impacts from those regarding the likelihood of climate-related events taking place. This paper presents a decomposition and associated analysis of survey-based 'risk perception' measures. The decomposition we apply allows independent accounting for perceptions over frequencies and impacts linking to behavioural patterns of risk attitude. The approach presented here draws on a detailed 2017 survey of 500 farmers in rural Indonesia to generate insights into the relationship between risk perceptions and extension services, accessibility of information, and other factors. Results show that risk perceptions are generated from complex interaction between perceived future frequencies and outcomes of climate events and indicate differential impacts of extension services across these perceptions. This paper also presents empirical support for the use of information and communication technology based extension as an efficient extension tool to reach more farmers than in traditional methods.
Farmers’ Attitudes towards Risk—An Empirical Study from Poland
Agronomy
Risk aversion is an important research area in the field of agricultural economics in the last years. Creating effective and efficient risk management tools in an increasingly volatile economic and natural environment requires proper recognition of farmers’ behavior and attitudes towards risk. In this context, the main aim of the paper was to estimate farmers’ attitudes towards risk and identification of farm’s and farmer’s characteristics in dependency on risk aversion level. The assessment of farmers’ preferences towards risk was based on hypothetical games in a representative sample of 600 Polish farms—participants of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Based on the interviews with farmers, a relative risk aversion coefficient has been estimated. Results revealed that on average Polish farmers have quite a strong risk aversion. Their attitudes towards risk are strongly linked with their self-assessment regarding their way of making decisions under risk. Some relations between f...
The Analysis of Risk Attitude Amongst Family Members
2012
The determinants of risk attitude amongst family members are explored using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel over the period 2004 to 2009. The focus of the analysis is the repeated responses to the survey question about general willingness to take risk. Responses to this question are provided on a 0-10 Likert scale. We respect both the ordinality and the panel structure of the data by estimating the random effects ordered probit model. We divide household members into thee types: heads, spouses and offspring. Of the three types, we find that spouses are the most risk averse, and offspring the least risk averse. In view of these findings, we estimate the model separately for the three groups and find different results between the three. For example, household income has a positive effect (on risk-taking) for heads and spouses (particularly strong for spouses), but no effect on offspring. Some effects are similar between the the three groups; for example, risk aversion always increases with age. In the offspring equation, we include both the head's and the spouse's risk attitude as explanatory variables, and find that both have a significantly positive effect on the offspring's risk-attitude, indicating that children tend to inherit the risk attitude of their guardians. We then focus on couples in the data set, and we apply the random effects bivariate ordered probit model to the analysis of the simultaneous determination of the male's and the female's risk attitude. In this model, the individual-specific effects for the male and the female are assumed to have a non-zero correlation, which is estimated to be +0.412. This significantly positive correlation is interpreted as a form of homophily: individuals tend to form partnerships with others having a similar risk attitude. The importance of respecting the ordinality of the data is confirmed when a straightforward (linear) seemingly unrelated model is applied to the same problem; this gives a correlation of only +0.27: a seriously downward-biased estimate of this key parameter. JEL classification: C33; D81
Production risk, risk aversion and the determination of risk attitudes among Spanish rice producers
Agricultural Economics, 2011
Agricultural production is subject to risk and the attitudes of producers toward risk will influence input choices insofar as these affect production risk. Risk attitudes in turn may be affected by certain socioeconomic characteristics of producers. Using 2004 survey data from a cross-section of 130 Spanish rice farms, we estimate risk-aversion coefficients of farmers and investigate the influence of a series of socioeconomic variables on their risk attitudes. Our results show that farmers exhibit risk-averse behavior and that risk attitudes are related to a series of socioeconomic characteristics. In particular, the belief that the farm will continue after the producer retires is found to increase the degree of risk aversion, while age is found to have nonlinear effects on risk aversion. Off-farm income, especially from nonagricultural activities, is found to reduce risk aversion. Neither the educational level of the producer nor the presence of dependents on the household is found to have an effect on risk preferences. Regarding the production technology, we find that land, labor, and fitosanitary products are risk-reducing inputs, whereas capital, seeds, and fertilizer all increase risk.
Factors Affecting Risk Attitude of Rice Farmers: Evidence from Vietnam’s Mekong Delta
Journal of Risk and Financial Management
Agricultural production accounts for 64.2% of the Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. However, this sector has to face damage risks, especially from the natural disasters, such as flood, drought, severe soil salinity, pests, and erosion, which might factor into the farmers’ risk attitude and their decision-making relative to investment in production activities. This study analyzes the factors influencing the risk attitudes of the rice farmers, based on evidence from the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews and experimental games with 145 rice farmers. An ordered probit regression model was applied to estimate how the factors affected the rice farmers’ risk attitudes. The risk-neutral farmers comprised 53.72% of farmers in the survey, while 31.72% and 15.15% were risk-preferred and risk-averse farmers. The study results indicated that age, number of rice crops per year, household assets, income from rice production, and credit accessibility were the ma...